Yield lower

Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein. To modify functional properties, vegetable proteins such as those derived from soybean and other oil seeds can be hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes to yield hydrolyzed vegetable proteins (HVP). Hydrolysis of peptide bonds by acids or proteolytic enzymes yields lower molecular weight products useful as food flavorings. However, the protein functionaHties of these hydrolysates may be reduced over those of untreated protein. 

Formaldehyde condenses with itself in an aldol-type reaction to yield lower hydroxy aldehydes, hydroxy ketones, and other hydroxy compounds the reaction is autocatalytic and is favored by alkaline conditions. Condensation with various compounds gives methylol (—CH2OH) and methylene (=CH2) derivatives. The former are usually produced under alkaline or neutral conditions, the latter under acidic conditions or in the vapor phase. In the presence of alkahes, aldehydes and ketones containing a-hydrogen atoms undergo aldol reactions with formaldehyde to form mono- and polymethylol derivatives. Acetaldehyde and 4 moles of formaldehyde give pentaerythritol (PE) ... 

The production quantity for the run must he achieved hy executing the appropriate number of hatches. The number of batches is determined from a standard yield for each batch. However, some batches may achieve yields higher than the standard yield, but other batches may achieve yields lower than the standard yield. The ac tual yields from each batch must be monitored and significant deviations from the expected yields must be communicated to those responsible for scheduling production. 

High actual yields are always desirable. Besides making efficient use of the starting material, a high actual yield lowers purification costs and minimizes disposal problems. Often the saving from a small improvement in yield effected by a change in catalyst completely overshadows the cost of the catalysts. 

The macroporous particles prepared by using only linear polystyrene as diluent yielded lower pore volume and specific surface area values. 

Practicable yields of 5-substituted 2-methoxy-3//-azepines 94 can be obtained by photolysis of aryl azides 56 bearing an electron-withdrawing group para to the azide function, although irradiation times tend to be longer and, in general, yields lower than with the corresponding 2-substituted azides.197... 

For the same bioreactor mentioned above (operating at an impeller tip speed of 1.4 ms ), Dunlop et al. [57] predicted maximum Reynolds stresses in the impeller region of 32.4 Nm. However, if the energy is assumed to be uniformly dissipated throughout the vessel contents, then Eq. (5) will yield lower values. As calculated, the Reynolds stresses involve a length scale and the stress experienced by a particular entity will depend on its size. 

In a more comprehensive follow-up work, the selectivity on OAOR-modified silver could be raised to 65%, still without the presence of promoters such as 1,2-dichloroethane [4]. This value is by far better than most values known in the literature for the same catalyst. The best value finally obtained was 69% and approaches the industrial limit of 80% that was obtained with promoters and a different, better catalyst, kglk 20y A similar catalyst type (Aluchrom catalyst) was also tested in the micro reactor, but so far yielding lower results, the best selectivity measured being 58%. 

Enediynes 38 undergo [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions to afford polycyclic cyclohexadienes 39 in presence of a cobalt catalyst (Scheme 5.11) [14]- In this system, the presence of a NHC ligand improved the catalytic power of cobalt when compared with phosphine ligands. In addition to increased yields, lower ligand... 

It is noticeable that the use of water is not indicated in the laboratory scale, although salts have to be washed just as in the operational process. Presumably, the laboratory recipe was not meticulously kept. Reduced substrate demand (reduction to about 60%, Table 5.1) caused by a higher yield lowers the demand of base and acid (93% and 95%, respectively, related to the input of substrate 2) and, thus, salt formation and water demand. 

In the thermal cracking methods, the higher-boiling petroleum fractions like heavy oils are subjected to high temperature and pressure by which the bigger hydrocarbon molecules break down to yield lower-boiling lighter fractions ... 

This model tends to approach a zero probability rapidly at low doses (although it never reaches zero) and thus is compatible with the threshold hypothesis. Mantel and Bryan, in applying the model, recommend setting the slope parameter b equal to 1, since this appears to yield conservative results for most substances. Nevertheless, the slope of the fitted curve is extremely steep compared to other extrapolation methods, and it will generally yield lower risk estimates than any of the polynomial models as the dose approaches zero. 

In general, microsomes/S9 and cofactor (NADPH or UDPG A) are the most costly components of an incubation, but substrate, especially for early discovery compounds, is sometimes scarce. Higher enzyme concentration will lead to higher volume productivity and less amount of the cofactor to maintain the same cofactor concentration. However, the relationship of reaction rate and enzyme concentration may not be linear, so a higher enzyme concentration may yield lower enzyme productivity (amount of product per milligram enzyme used). Therefore, different protein concentration levels should be screened to obtain a good balance between volume and enzyme productivities. 

In Figure 8 are also reproduced data (curves A and C) of the other two systems previously given Q). It is clear that although addition of ETCA to the V g-EtyV Clo system makes the DCPD distribution in the terpolymer much more heterogeneous (curve A, compared to B) and yields lower vulcanizate tensile strength (see above), the much more even distribution of DCPD in V(acac) -EPDM... 

More recent studies (4,10) have shown that various acids and organometallic compounds can serve as catalysts for the preparation of II. The advantages include lower polymerization temperatures, higher yields, lower molecular weights, and the use of conventional large scale equipment. Examples include bulk polymerizations using H 0 (11), Et Al Cl (12), CrCl,.6H 0 (13), (C,H 0) P0-BC1, (14 , polyphosphoric acid... 

The chemistry of acid catalyzed reactions is deeply documented and will not be considered here. It is sufficient to say that they are based in carbenium ion reactions, which yield lower molecular weight compounds and branched paraffins (since tertiary carbenium ions are the most stable). The result of the cracking of a paraffin of n-carbon atoms is another paraffin with (n-x) carbon atoms and an olefin of x-carbon atoms. 

Flowever, there is a trade-off in using near-IR emissive lanthanides, in that luminescence lifetimes are shorter, and quantum yields lower, compared to complexes of Tb and Eu. This arises because the near-IR emissive lanthanides are quenched by lower harmonics of the O-H oscillator, increasing the Franck-Condon overlap with the metal excited state. For neodymium, matters are further complicated by the manifold of available metal-centered excited states, which leads to particularly effective quenching by C-H oscillators. Thus, complexes in which there are few C-H oscillators close to the metal are desirable if the luminescence lifetime is to be optimized (e.g. 44).76 97-101... 

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