Paraffins fraction

Low temperature (It) tars of Eischer-Tropsch (ET) fractions provide reasonable substrates for growth of yeast for human or animal food supplements. Yeast growth yields were 99.8% (ET fraction), 95.2 and 84.2% (It tar) of those from a petroleum-derived paraffin fraction (63) (see Eoods, nonconventional). 

In the early 1960s the petroleum industry employing molecular sieve technology made available a low cost and plentihil supply of normal paraffin fractions of very high purity. This enabled chlorinated paraffin manufacturers to exploit new appHcations with a range of products specifically designed to meet the technical and commercial requirements. 

The principal feedstocks used today are the normal paraffin fractions CIO—C13, C12—C14, C14—C17, and C18—C20 together with paraffin wax fractions of C24—C30, precise compositions may vary depending on petroleum oil source. Chlorination extent generally varies from 30 to 70% by weight. The choice of paraffinic feedstock and chlorine content is dependent on the appHcation. 

The aromatic fractions of natural gas condensate reacted with a-olefins to give alkylarenes which were converted to sodium sulfonates or to ethanolamine sulfonates. The naphthene-paraffin fractions of the gas condensate reacted with PC13 and 02 to give RPOCl2, which reacted with triethanolamine to give N-a-... 

Hexanc is a very volatile aliphatic hydrocarbon. It is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas and is also used as an industrial chemical and laboratory reagent. Laboratory grade -hexane contains approximately 99% w-hexane. "Hexane" or "hexanes" is a commercial and industrial product consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons with six carbon atoms and includes -hexane and its isomers 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane as well as small amounts of other hydrocarbons (Brugnone et al. 1991). Laboratory and industrial solvents such as "hexane" and petroleum ether contain -hexane from <0.1% to as much as 33% (Creaser et al. 1983). Information regarding the chemical identity of -hexane is located in Table 3-1. 

Source Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum. Dodecane may be present in stormwater runoff from asphalted roadways and general use of petroleum oils and tars (quoted, Verschueren). 

The properties and characteristics available for paraffinic fraction 5 appear to be in line with those of the other fractions of the paraffinic series and do not infficate an explanation for a difference in performance against adult California red scale. A similar deviation did not occur in the case of the correlations established for eggs of the citrus red mite. Since the work of Ebeling (7) indicated that contact of oil with the scale insect is generally accomplished by penetration of the oil imder the scale armor, the spreading ability of the oil film appears to be an important factor in the efficiency of an oil against adult California red scale. 

In mixture with kerosene, the LDjs value for paraffinic fraction 5 was found to be 63 micrograms per sq. cm., with fiducial limits of —10 and +11 micrograms at a probability of 0.05 and the LDss value for fraction 9 was foimd to be 67 micrograms per sq. cm , wilii fiducial limits of —10 and +12 micrograms at a probability of 0.05. Further studies of this nature are in progress. 

The twenty solvents investigated were of commercial or technical grade. They can be divided into three groups ketones, petroleum fractions, and miscellaneous. Typical inspection data for the petroleum solvents, consisting of ten aromatic fractions and a paraffinic fraction, are shown in Table I. The ketones and miscellaneous solvents investigated are listed in Table II. 

Of the petroleum solvents, the aromatic fractions are much better solvents for DDT than the paraffinic fraction. The limited solubility of DDT in the paraffinic fraction, representative of straight-run petroleum oils, shows that such oils alone cannot be used as solvents in concentrated DDT solutions. An auxiliary solvent would have to be used to prepare concentrated solutions with them. It was not possible to correlate solubility with mixed aniline point and aromatic content. This was presumably due to differences in the solubility of DDT in the individual hydrocarbons present which included both monocyclic and dicyclic types. No attempt was made to determine the amount of the individual hydrocarbons in the aromatic fractions. 

These products, prepared from highly paraffinic fractions averaging about fourteen carbon atoms per molecule, are synthesized according to the reactions ... 

Tetranitromethane is added to compounds having double bonds to form brown or yellow products. The reaction is very sensitive and may be utilized, for example, for detecting traces of olefins in paraffin fractions (Werner [56]). 

Figure 5 schematically illustrates the concepts of reactant shape selectivity. Only linear paraffins that are able to diffuse and are adsorbed inside the pores can undergo a chemical transformation, e.g., acid catalyzed cracking. The property is exploited in some chemical processes, such as the dewaxing of lubes and middle distillates, through the selective cracking or isomerization of the linear paraffin fraction. 

In the next reactor design [48] mixer arms have exactly the same dimensions and shape as the internal reactor part and in the course of the run coke residue is scraped by mixer arms from the heated reactor walls. Scraped coke falls down and is collected at the bottom of the reactor and removed with part of the reaction mixture by a suction pipe. The main process products are the gas fraction (used for heating purpose), gasoline and light gas oil and paraffin fractions. 

Scerri L, Dalziel KL. Occupational contact sensitization to the stabilized chlorinated paraffin fraction in neat cutting oil. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1996 7(I) 35-7. 

The variety of substances used as additives in polymers is considerable. For example, the fillers may include china clay, various forms of calcium carbonate, talc, silicas (diatomaceous silica), silicates, carbon black, etc. The impact modifiers typically include other polymers. Plasticizers include certain polymers with low (oligomers), dialkyl phthalates, dialkyl sebacates, chlorinated paraffin waxes, liquid paraffinic fractions, oil extracts, etc. Heat stabilizers include heavy metals salts such as basic lead carbonate, basic lead sulfate, dibasic lead phosphite (also acting as a light stabilizer), dibasic lead phthalate, stearates, ricinoleates, palmitates and octanoates of cadmium and barium, epoxide resins and oils, amines, diphenylurea, 2-phenylindole, aminocrotonates. The antioxidants include tris-nonyl phenyl phosphite, 2,6-di-ferf-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), octadecyl-3,5-di-terf-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, etc. The UV stabilizers include modified benzophenones and benzotriazoles. Processing lubricants include calcium stearate, stearic acid, lead stearate, various wax derivatives, glyceryl esters and long-chain acids. Fire retardants include antimony oxide, some pyrophosphates, etc. 

Decane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of petroleum and is also present in low concentrations as a component of gasoline. It is used as a solvent, in organic synthesis reactions, as a hydrocarbon standard, in the manufacture of petroleum products, in the rubber industry, in the paper processing industry, and as a constituent in polyolefin manufacturing wastes. Decane is a flammable liquid (at room temperature) that is lighter than water. 

Petroleum crude oils can be broadly divided into paraffinic, asphaltic, and mixed crude oils (WHO 1982). Paraffinic crude oils are composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons (paraffins), paraffin wax (longer chain aliphatics), and high grade oils. Naphtha is the lightest of the paraffin fraction, followed by... 

Metallic contents of precursor and catalysts, in wt%, results of pulse chemisorption, TOF values and selectivity towards paraffinic fraction at 503 K. 

The molten carbamate is first mixed with a paraffin fraction. A stream of nitrogen removes the methanol as it is formed, to prevent the recombination of isocyanate with alcohol. The effluent from the final reactor is purified in a series of three distillation columns. The first separates methanol at the top, the second the paraffin fraction, and the third, operating under vacuum, serves to collect the TDI at the bottom. 

The last method that was mentioned at the beginning of this section was called the complex formation method. This method is based on formation of complexes of crude oil compounds with other substances. The most popular methods of complex formation are complex formation with CO(NH2)2 and CS(NH2)2. For CO(NH2)2, it is typically to form complexes with w-alkanes and their derivates with relatively long paraffinic chains with normal structure. The formed complexes are crystallized from the sample. The separation of the n-alkane fraction from CO(NH2)2 can proceed by adding hot water to the crystallized complex. The CO(NH2)2 is very soluble in water whereas paraffins are insoluble. This is why two layers result in this separation the fraction of aqueous solution of CO(NH2)2 and the paraffin fraction. Because the analysis is done at room temperature where paraffins are usually solid, the paraffin plate can be easily taken off from the top of the analysis glass. The analysis with CS(NH2)2 is carried out in the same way as the analysis with CO(NH2)2. However, CS(NH2)2 forms a complex with iso-alkanes. By using both of these methods, a relatively exact separation of n-paraffin and iso-paraffin fractions is made possible. 

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) or chlorinated -aIkanes are a group of synthetic compounds produced by the chlorination of straight-chained paraffin fractions. The feedstock used determines the carbon chain length distribution of the product. The carbon chain length of commercial CPs is usually between 10 and 30 carbon... 

This technical mixture included all short-chain paraffin fractions (Cio-is) with a composition of... 

Let us examine how structure types were assigned to one aromatic and six naphthenic-paraffinic fractions separated from the lubricating oil portion of the Midcontinent petroleum investigated in API Project 6. These fractions were prepared from the material which comprised the 83rd to the 93rd percentile of the total petroleum (ranked by volatility), as follows ... 

The backwash stream is sometimes called countersolvent or reflux, but the term reflux" should be reserved for streams having the same composition as the product. The backwash need not be a low-molecular-weight material in one version of the Sulfolane process, the backwash is a heavy paraffinic fraction, which is easily removed from both extract and raffinate. 

Barbezat-Debreuil, S. Emde, aux rayons X, des paraffines du tabac fractionee par chromatographie [A smdy with x-rays of tobacco paraffins fractionated by chromatography] 1. Recherche Centre Natl. Sci. Lab. Bellevue (Paris) 45 (1958) 273-277 Compt. Rend. 246 (1958) 2907. 

In the formulation of PVC compounds it is not uncommon to replace some of the plasticizer with an extender, a material that is not in itself a plasticizer because of its very low compatibility but that can be used in conjunction with a true plasticizer. Commercial extenders are cheaper than plasticizers and can often be used to replace up to one-third of the plasticizer without seriously affecting the properties of the compound. Three commonly employed types of extenders are chlorinated paraffin waxes, chlorinated liquid paraffinic fractions, and oil extracts [14]. 

Techno-economic Evaluation of Membrane Separation for Retrofitting Olefin/Paraffin Fractionators in an Ethylene Plant... 

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