Sodium alkyl sulfonate

Figure 9 compares Equation 20 with the recent pressure drop flow rate data of Friedmann, Chen, and Gauglitz (5) for a 1 wt% commercial sodium alkyl sulfonate dimer (Chaser SD-1000) stabilized foam in a Berea sandstone. These data are particularly useful because they have been corrected for foam blockage and therefore correctly reflect the flowing bubble regime. The solid line in Figure 9 is best fit according to Equation 20. Unfortunately, neither of the parameters c or 6 is available. Two sets of estimates are shown in Figure 9. When e - 0 (i.e., no surfactant effect) the bubble size is about 30% of a grain diameter. When — 0.1 mm (i.e., a value characteristic of those in Figure 8) the bubble size is about 10 grain diameters. We assert that Equation 20 not only predicts the correct velocity behavior of foam but it does so with reasonable parameter values (23).

As a direct result of the smdies on the separation of sulfonates, Zheng et al. [67] showed that secondary amines and quaternary ammonium salts could be separated using a cyanophase column using sodium alkyl sulfonate additives in methanol/C02 mixtures with 30 0% methanol in the mixture. Ion-pairing was thought to be the retention mechanism responsible for the separation. 

Different surfactants are usually characterised by the solubility behaviour of their hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecule fraction in polar solvents, expressed by the HLB-value (hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance) of the surfactant. The HLB-value of a specific surfactant is often listed by the producer or can be easily calculated from listed increments [67]. If the water in a microemulsion contains electrolytes, the solubility of the surfactant in the water changes. It can be increased or decreased, depending on the kind of electrolyte [68,69]. The effect of electrolytes is explained by the HSAB principle (hard-soft-acid-base). For example, salts of hard acids and hard bases reduce the solubility of the surfactant in water. The solubility is increased by salts of soft acids and hard bases or by salts of hard acids and soft bases. Correspondingly, the solubility of the surfactant in water is increased by sodium alkyl sulfonates and decreased by sodium chloride or sodium sulfate. In the meantime, the physical interactions of the surfactant molecules and other components in microemulsions is well understood and the HSAB-principle was verified. The salts in water mainly influence the curvature of the surfactant film in a microemulsion. The curvature of the surfactant film can be expressed, analogous to the HLB-value, by the packing parameter Sp. The packing parameter is the ratio between the hydrophilic and lipophilic surfactant molecule part [70] ... 

The composition data obtained for the series of mixed fatty acid-potassium soap systems, prepared by both the ethanol and petroleum ether routes, lend strong support to the formation of 1 to 1 acid-soap complexes. It is of interest to inquire into the phase relationships in these two-component systems. A phase diagram presented by McBain and Field (15) for the lauric acid-potassium laurate system shows that compound formation takes place between the two components at the 1 to 1 molar ratio, but the compound undergoes melting with decomposition at 91.3 °C. [A similar type of phase behavior has been reported by us for the sodium alkyl sulfate-alkyl alcohol (9) and sodium alkyl sulfonate-alkyl alcohol (12) systems, but in these cases the stoichiometry is 2 to 1]. 

CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM ALKYL SULFONATE, MOLE/LITER... 

The antifoam compounds were tested in 0.375% Mersolat H30, a sodium alkyl sulfonate with pH 6.5. The Persistence Value was calculated according to the formula Persistence Value = [mL KD/(seconds to 125 mL - seconds to KD)] x 150. The results at 23 °C and 70 °C are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. 

Yui s group analyzed the thermodynamics on the inclusion complexation between the a-cyclodextrin-based nanotube and sodium alkyl sulfonate [148]. They prepared a supramolecular hydrogel utilizing enthalpy-driven complexation between the molecular tube and an amphiphilic molecule [147]. They carried out the thermodynamic analysis of inclusion complexation between a-cyclodextrin-based molecular tube and poly(ethylene oxide)-Wocfc-poly(tetrahydrofuran)-b/oc/c-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer in terms of isothermal titration calorimetry [157]. Furthermore, they incorporated the tube into gels that could recognize the length of alkyl chain [158]. 

The sulfur trioxide is not used in the free state but in the form of an adduct with, e.g., pyridine, dimethylformamide, or dioxane the yields of sodium alkyl sulfonates obtained after alkaline hydrolysis are up to about 70%. 

Avitone . [DuPont] Sodium alkyl sulfonates softeners for textiles, paper, leather, elastoma s. 

A common group of cationic antistats is alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. These are mostly employed in polar substrates such as PVC and in styrenic polymers. Other types include alkyl phosphonium and alkyl sulfonium salts. Flexible PVC may contain up to 7% of these antistatics for nonfood uses, as they have not been approved by the FDA. Sodium alkyl sulfonates, similar to common detergents, have gained wide acceptance as anionic antistatic agents, and are used in PVC and styrenic polymers. Other anionic antistats include alkyl phosphonic, dithiocarba-mic, and carboxylic acids. 

Typical enulsifiers used in emulsion polymerization of VC are anirmic emulsifiers like sodium alkyl sulfonates, sodium diaUcyl sulfosucdnates, fatty acid soaps and sodium ethoxy sulfates. Neutral emulsifiers like alltyl phenol ethoxylates and fatty acid ethoxylates are often added during after polymerization in Oder b> increase latex stability. The emulsifiers are not only chosen for control of the particle formation and latex stability during polymerization, but for a number of other reasons like mechanical stability, reactor wall build-up, plastisol formation, heat and colour stability and water resistance of the final product [1]. 

Amino oxides are widely used in hard surface cleaners for their ability to suspend heavy soils and grimes. They are often combined with sodium alkyl sulfonates and nonionics. The foamboosting properties of amine oxides have been widely reported and are well known in the industry [15,16,35]. 

Anionic antistatic agents include the sodium alkyl sulfonates, e.g., RO(S02)ONa, the sulphonamides, e.g., C12H25-N-SO2NH2 (where N is a benzene ring) and the sodium alkyl phosphates, e.g., (RO)2PONa, where R is a long hydrocarbon chain such as stearate. 

Other additives used in PLA formulations are slip additives (natural waxes) [26], impact modifiers (sodium alkyl sulfonate) [26], melt strength modifiers (epoxy-functional styrene/acrylic oligomer) [30], and so on. Although the companies that produce these resins or masterbatches claim to have been approved in materials in contact with food, there are no reports of migration to food or food simulants to show that they comply with the legislation. 

Sodium alkyl sulfonate Active Ingredient % 22 Yellow to amber clear liquid Odor Alcoholic... 

Emulsion polymerization is similar to suspension polymerization in the sense that the reaction also takes place in the presence of a water phase and the applied monomer forms a second liquid phase. However, in this case the added radical initiator is not soluble in the monomer droplets but in the water phase. To allow the monomer to come into contact with the initiator an emulsifier is added to the reaction mixture that creates micelles in the systems. By diffusion processes both monomer molecules and initiator molecules reach the micelle. Polymerization takes places and a polymer particle suspended in the water phase forms that is much smaller than the original monomer droplet (see Figure 5.3.12 for a graphical illustration of these steps). At the end of the overall emulsion polymerization process, all monomer droplets have been consumed by the polymerization reaction in the micelles. Typical emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization are natural or synthetic detergents, such as, for example, sodium palmitate or sodium alkyl sulfonates. Emulsion polymerization is very versatile and is applied for many polymers [e.g., PVC, styrene copolymers, poly(methacryl esters)] in batch, semi-continuous, and continuous processes. In some cases, the obtained polymer particles in water are directly applied as technical products for coatings, lacquer applications, or as adhesives. In other cases the formed product is further treated to obtain the dry polymer. Note that the aqueous phase in emulsion polymerization always contains some isolated emulsifier and also some monomer. Moreover, the formed polymer contains the emulsifier as impurity. 

Comparison of 6-12-blade rotor/stator with orifices combination and radial accelerator/stator combination (co = 94-523 s-i) Sparging/stirred vessel Blade-rotor/stator combination relatively effective Provision made for removal of the secondary foam, which is always formed regardless of methodology 0.45 0.15-0.3 0.87 Cjj TAB, Triton X-100, Technical grade sodium alkyl sulfonate... 

This same technique has also been used to improve the dyeability of polypropylene fiber, a problem of major commercial importance. Thus, polypropylene has been extruded with copolymer containing polar groups such as a random copolymer made from 93% methyl acrylate and 7% of a sodium alkyl sulfonate or a poly(styrene-co-styrene sulfonamide) [140a]. 

Use Level % by Weight PS/ABS 3.0-5.0 Chemical Composition Sodium alkyl sulfonate FDA Yes... 

The research of the influence of the emulsifier type and concentration on the emulsifier reaction order x(N oc [E] ) is summarized in Table 3, In most cases, the reaction order x is much higher than 0.6 (expected). Thus, the strong particle association at low emulsifier concentration and/or trapping of emulsifier in the interface is discussed. The reaction order above 1.0 is taken as an indication of low stability of particles. By trapping of emulsifier, the amount of emulsifier available for the formation of particles is lower than the initially charge. Under such conditions, the association increases and the rate decreases. Table 3 shows that sodium alkyl sulfonates should be the most efficient emulsifiers for stabilization of P VC particles especially at low emulsifier concentration. 

Sodium alkyl sulfonates are used for PVC and PS types. They are suitable for high temperature processing. 

Figure 5.10 Krafft-CMC relationship for two families of surfactants (black sodium alkyl sulfates, white sodium alkyl sulfonates). A balance is needed to satisfy as much as possible all parameters involved, including low CMC (less consumption of surfactant) - not very high temperatures (thus saving of energy) - rather fast cleaning (thus avoiding very heavy surfactant molecules that diffuse slowly from solutions). A chain-length of about 12-14 (maybe upto 16) carbon atoms fulfils in many cases most of these conditions. Reprinted from Kontogeorgis and Folas (2010), with permission from john Wiley Sons, Ltd...

Anionic antistatic additives have active ingredients such as alkyl sulfonates, sulfates or phosphates, dithiocarbamates, or carboxylates. Sodium alkyl sulfonates produce an antistatic effect in PVC as well as in styrenic polymers. 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium alkyl sulfonate Ionic Nature Anionic... 

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