Sodium cresol sulfonate

Raschig s white blasting powder was made by dissolving 65 parts of sodium nitrate and 35 parts of sodium cresol sulfonate... 

Technical sodium />- to]uenesulfonate is, as a rule, of about 95 per cent purity it contains about 2 per cent of sodium chloride and some moisture. Attempts to prepare a />-cresol of higher melting point by fusion of recrystallized sodium -toluene-sulfonate (which should presumably contain no isomers) have failed it has been found impossible to raise the melting point above 31.4°. 

The cooled fusion melt is leached with minimum amount of water to dissolve out the sodium cresolates and the resultant slurry is centrifuged to recover the sodium sulfite which is always associated with small quantities of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate. Sodium carbonate is formed mainly by reaction between the molten alkali and atmospheric CO2. Sodium sulfate is produced from the sulfuric acids derived by hydrolysis of the sulfonic acids by the superheated steam produced during the reaction. 

DNBAC. See Di-n-butylaluminum chloride DNBP. See 2-s-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol DNBP ammonium salt. See 4,6-Dinitro-o-s-butylphenol ammonium salt DNBS. See Di-n-butyl succinate DNBZ. See Di-n-butylzinc DNC. See 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol DNFB 2,4-DNFB. See 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene DNMS. See Sodium polynaphthalene sulfonate DNNSA. See Dinonyinaphthalene sulfonic acid DNOAI. See Di-n-octylaluminum iodide,... 

Though traditionally obtained from coal tar or from fractions during secondary refining processes of petroleum, they are also obtained as mixed xylenols from a mixture of xylenes CAS no. [1330-20-7] or as pure isomers from individual xylems i.e., m-xylene, o-xylene, or p-xylene. Process chemistry for production of xylenols from xylenes is similar to that of cresols from toluene (see Chapter 2), i.e., sulfonation of the respective aromatic hydrocarbons, followed by neutralization of the sulfonic acids, caustic fusion and acidification of the sodium/potassium salts and purification via distillation. Summary of principal properties of xylene isomers has been shown vide Table 1.1. 

Sulfonation of toluene produces along with sulfonic acids some water which is usually entrained with excess toluene and is removed azeotropically and the reaction mass is thereafter neutralized with soda ash (Na2C03) or sodium sulfite (Na2S03) which is recovered as a hy-product in the cresols plant. 

Commercially, sulfonic acids are neutralized hy sodium sulfite by PMC specialities group, a division of PMC Inc. USA, the sole producer of para-cresol in the states, Konan Chemicals Co. of Japan and Inspec (Now Laporte) of UK. Atul Limited the sole producer of para-cresol in India has been traditionally using CaCOs and soda ash for neutralization of toluene sulfonic acids. Generated CO2 gas is used for past fusion conversion of cresolates to cresols. However, this produces a low-grade, low-value gypsum which more often than not creates a disposal problem. 

After neutralization sodium salt of toluene, sulfonic acids is heated with caustic soda (70%) at 330-350°C for several hours to produce cresolates as follows ... 

In a phenol/cresols or xylenols plant, using the conventional sulfonation and caustic fusion technologies, inorganic chemicals which are recovered are sodium sulflte, sodium sulfate and hydrated calcium sulfate also known as gypsum. These are all sellable by-products and depending on the method of treatment and recovery will fetch reasonable prices, and more importantly, will ensure a better eco-system. 

These are two very important sodium salts obtained either as main products through reactions of SO2 or SO3 with caustic soda or sodium carbonate. Sometimes NaHSOs or even H2SO4 is used for direct production of sodium sulfate. However, considerable quantities of these salts particularly sodium sulfite are produced during production of phenol, cresols or xylenols through sulfonation-caustic fusion process of benzene, toluene or mixed xylenes or a xylene isomer. Some quantities of sodium sulfate are also formed during production of the hydroxy benzenes including resorcinol and naphthols. 

Mechanisms of Carbon-Oxygen Alkylations. Kinetic studies have been made of reactions between chlorinated hydrocarbons and sodium or potassium alcoholates. The rate data indicate second-order equations between the reactants. Phenol and substituted phenols were alkylated using sulfonic acid esters. The rates of the reactions depend on the substituent on the aromatic ring. The relative velocities were as follows p-creso], 1.58 2-naphthol, 1.46 phenol, 1.0 salicyclic acid, about 0.3 p-chlorophenol, 0.16 and o-cresol, less than 0.12. Electronic considerations are probably the cause of the different reaction rates. 

Cl 2-13 pareth-7 Cl 3-15 pareth-5 Cl4-15 pareth-7 m-Cresol p-Cresol Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Hydrochloric acid Laureth Nonoxynol Nonoxynol-70 Oleth-3 Oleth-5 PEG-8 isolauryl thioether Perchloroethylene PPG-3 myristyl ether Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate Sodium nonoxynol-6 sulfate Sodium nonylbenzene... 

Hydrotropes do not perform so generally as surfactants do, i.e. the solubility will not increase for all organic compounds in hydrotropic solutions. The efficacy will also vary among the different hydrotropes, even though very small structural differences may be present. This has been reported for the solubilities in aqueous sodium o-y m- and /7-xylene sulfonate solutions of solutes such as acetophenone, aniline, benzaldehyde, c7-cresol, etc. It was found that the meta structure was more effective, particularly at lower temperatures since it had a higher water solubility (5). Another example is... 

Kiermeier and co-workers [23] and Wildbrett and co-workers [24] have developed schemes for the measurement of the extractability of monomeric phthalate ester and C10/C20 alkane phenyl sulfonates from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers into milk. After leaving raw milk at 38 "C for 4 hours in contact with PVC tubing containing bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or phenol or cresol alkanesulfonate, the respective plasticiser was determined. Schemes are described for separation and hydrolysis of the phthalic acid ester, with spectrophotometric determination of the liberated phthalic acid at 284 nm, and for the separation and saponification of the alkane sulfonic acid ester and for spectrophotometric determination at 470 nm, of the liberated phenol or cresol after coupling with diazotised nitroaniline and addition of sodium carbonate solution. 

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