With Sodium Alkane Sulfonates

These are purified from sulfites by boiling with aqueous HBr. They are purified fiom sulfates by adding BaBr2. Sodium alkane disuffonates are finally precipitated by addition of MeOH (Pethybridge Taba J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1 78 1331 1982). 

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The branching of hydrocarbon chains at constant number of carbon atoms raises the CMC value. Moving the hydrophilic group from an end position to a more central position has the same effect, as reported by Hauthal with sodium alkane-sulfonate anionics [19]. 

Reaction conditions depend on the reactants and usually involve acid or base catalysis. Examples of X include sulfate, acid sulfate, alkane- or arenesulfonate, chloride, bromide, hydroxyl, alkoxide, perchlorate, etc. RX can also be an alkyl orthoformate or alkyl carboxylate. The reaction of cycHc alkylating agents, eg, epoxides and a2iridines, with sodium or potassium salts of alkyl hydroperoxides also promotes formation of dialkyl peroxides (44,66). Olefinic alkylating agents include acycHc and cycHc olefinic hydrocarbons, vinyl and isopropenyl ethers, enamines, A[-vinylamides, vinyl sulfonates, divinyl sulfone, and a, P-unsaturated compounds, eg, methyl acrylate, mesityl oxide, acrylamide, and acrylonitrile (44,66). 

The results are shown in Figure 27. It can be seen the all the anionics tested show significant effects of the combination with SAE on their sequestering ability. For this effect, the optimum EO mole number for each anionic is different. Since the combination of LAS with STPP gives a calcium ion sequestering ability of only 165 mg/g-detergents by this procedure, the combination of SAE with LAS(Linear Alkyl-benzene Sulfonate), AOS (4-Olefin Sulfonate), SAS(Secondary Alkane Sulfonate) or SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) would be recommended for use in heavy-duty detergents. 

Of the large number of possible ways of synthesizing alkanesulfonates, only sulfochlorination of alkanes (conversion with sulfur dioxide and chlorine to form alkane sulfonyl chlorides and their saponification with sodium hydroxide Table 1, entry 10) and sulfoxidation (reaction with sulfur dioxide and oxygen and neutralization of the sulfonic acids Table 1, entry 11) are of industrial importance [18]. 

The majority of aliphatic compounds tend to be resistant to direct sulfonation and under forcing conditions often form a complex mixture of products. Consequently, aliphatic sulfonic acids are generally prepared by other methods, such as treatment of an alkyl halide with sodium sulfite (see p. 101). However, in certain cases direct sulfonation works well, namely with terminal alkynes (36) and tertiary alkanes (37) (Scheme 19). 

The first correlation for optimum formulation was found for anionic surfactant systems of the alkylbenzene sulfonate type, with sodium chloride brine and alkane oil and light alcohol as cosurfactant [31]. 

MACKAMIDE MC being a "superamide" is not soluble in water by itself below 10%. However, the addition of small amounts of anionic surfactants such as lauryl sulfate, lauryl ether sulfate, linear alkane sulfonate and even soap will clarify it. MACKAMIDE MC will respond to viscosity control with the addition of sodium or ammonium chloride. 

The direct sulfonation of alkanes is not generally of much practical significance as a synthetic route to alkanesulfonic acids as these are usually more conveniently obtained indirectly by reaction of the appropriate alkyl halide with sodium sulfite or hydrosulfite. ... 

Kiermeier and co-workers [23] and Wildbrett and co-workers [24] have developed schemes for the measurement of the extractability of monomeric phthalate ester and C10/C20 alkane phenyl sulfonates from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers into milk. After leaving raw milk at 38 "C for 4 hours in contact with PVC tubing containing bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or phenol or cresol alkanesulfonate, the respective plasticiser was determined. Schemes are described for separation and hydrolysis of the phthalic acid ester, with spectrophotometric determination of the liberated phthalic acid at 284 nm, and for the separation and saponification of the alkane sulfonic acid ester and for spectrophotometric determination at 470 nm, of the liberated phenol or cresol after coupling with diazotised nitroaniline and addition of sodium carbonate solution. 

Sodium calcium polyphosphate, glassy. See Sodium calcium polyphosphate Sodium C8-10 alcohols sulfate. See Sodium C8-10 alkyl sulfate Sodium C9-14 alcohols sulfate. See Sodium C9-14 alkyl sulfate Sodium C12-15 alcohols sulfate. See Sodium C12-15 alkyl sulfate Sodium C12-18 alcohols sulfate. See Sodium C12-18 alkyl sulfate Sodium C16-20 alcohols sulfate. See Sodium C16-20 alkyl sulfate Sodium C14-17 alcohol sulfonate Sodium C14-17 sec alcohol sulfonate. See Sodium C14-17 alkyl sec sulfonate Sodium C13-17 alkane sulfonate CAS 93763-92-9 EiNECS/ELiNCS 297-913-1 Synonyms Suifonic acids, C13-17-aikane, sodium sails Definition Sodium sail of a suifonated aikane with 13-17 carbons in aikyi chain Ionic Nature Anionic... 

Effect of Surfactant Concentration. Figure 3 compares results of alkane scans for three concentrations of sodium oleate at constant sodium chloride concentration and pH. The 0.002 M solution is derived from 95% oleic acid, the 0.01 M and the 0.1 M solutions are derived from 99% oleic acid. Both the magnitude and the alkane position of minimum interfacial tension (r = 11) are essentially concentration independent under these conditions. Wade, et al (12) reported a similar invariance in nm with a pure alkyl benzene sulfonate, although there was more change in the minimum value of interfacial tension with the sulfonate concentration than is observed with the carboxylate. The interfacial tension at for 0.01 M sodium oleate is in the range of the values of Table I. Very high interfacial tension (> 10 dynes/cm) was found at 0.0001 M sodium oleate in 0.1 M sodium chloride. 

Definition Sodium salt of a sulfonated alkane with 13-17 carbons in alkyl chain Properties Anionic... 

The final product mixture contains unreacted alkanes and mono- and disulfochlorides in the approximate ratio of 15 1. This mixture is saponified with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide at 80°C. Higher temperatures should be avoided so that sulfochlorides do not undergo desulfonation [1]. Phase separation occurs in a settler—the upper and lower phases contain almost all the alkanes and chloroalkanes and the water-soluble salts (sulfonates and sodium chloride), respectively. After cooling, a second-phase separation allows to eliminate NaCl almost totally. The 20% aqueous solution of sulfonates is then fed to an evaporator working at 300-350°C (melting range of the SAS) from which a nearly dry product is recovered. Several patents, issued in the early 1990s, are related to the saponification of sulfochlorides [59-63]. 

Apart from alkene production, n-alkanes are applied as feedstock in the technical production of alkyl sulfonate surfactants (see Section 5.3.5 for details about surfactants and their application). Two routes are established for the production of the alkyl sulfonate sodium salts [R-S03]Na from higher alkanes (for this application typical C-numbers are 12-18). In both routes, alkane activation proceeds via alkyl radicals, which are generated by UV-irradiation at room temperature. In the sulfo-chlorination route, the higher alkane is contacted with SO2 and chlorine to form the alkylsulfonyl chloride, which is later neutralized with NaOH to give the... 

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