Sodium dodecane sulfonate

Sodium dodecane sulfonate Dodecyl triethylene glycol ether -3.2 -2.6... 

Sodium dodecane sulfonate A-Dodecyl-A-benzyl-A-methylglycine -6.9 -5.4... 

A study using resuspended river sediment (Marchesi et al. 1991) illustrated the important interdependence of substrate attachment to particulate matter and its biodegradability. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate that is degradable resulted in a relative increase in the number of particle-associated bacteria, whereas this was not observed with the nondegrad-able analogs such as sodium tetradecyl sulfate or sodium dodecane sulfonate. 

Surfactants used to characterize the main properties of the precipitate surface i.e. the specific surface area and heterogeneity are 1 sodium dodecane sulfonate-SDS (ref. Merck 12146) with a Krafft point of 31°C and solubility of 6.5T0 M [8] in water at 25°C and 1 sodium tetradecane sulfonate -STS (ref. Merck 12362) with a Krafft point of 46°C and solubility of 1.36T0 M [8] in water at 25°C. 

Figure 35 Surfactant binding to BSA in 10 M NaCl (open symbols) and in 10 M NaCl (filled symbols). (A) SDS (O) sodium dodecane sulfonate ( ) octyl benzene sulfonate. (From Ref. 146.)...

The HLB numbers decrease with increasing chain length, e.g., from 13.25 for sodium decane 1-sulfonate to 9.45 for the C18 homolog [72]. Typical HLB numbers for positional isomers range from 12.3 for sodium dodecane 1-sulfonate to 13.2 for the more hydrophilic 6 isomer [73]. The HLB numbers of alkanesulfonates are less influenced by the isomeric position of the functional group and by substituents than the cM values [68]. HLB numbers can be correlated with partition coefficients for the distribution of a surfactant between the aqueous and oily phases, which emphasizes that the partition coefficient is dependent on the carbon number [68]. 

Tetrabutylammonium phosphate Tetramethylammonium hydrogen sulfate Cetyltrimethylammonium hydrogen sulfate Butane sulfonic acid Pentane sulfonic acid Hexane sulfonic acid Octane sulfonic acid Dodecane sulfonic acid 1-Pentane sulfonate, sodium 1-Octane sulfonate, sodium 1-Dodecyl sulfate, sodium... 

The partial oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol (Ph-CH—CH-CH2OH) to cinnamalde-hyde was conducted in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) because reactant and product were insoluble in water [45,50]. Oxidation on Bi-Pt/AljOj catalysts was performed at basic pH obtained by addition of Li2C03, and by controlling the air supply to avoid over-oxidation of the metal. The maximum selectivity for cinnamaldehyde, 98.5 % at 95.5 % conversion, was obtained for a Bi/Pts ratio of 0.5. The high selectivity for cinnamyl aldehyde was attributed to the negligible hydration of the aldehyde because of the conjugation of C—O, C=C, and aromatic nucleus (see Section 9.2.2.1). Under similar conditions the selectivity for oxidation of 1-dodecanol [50] to dodecanal was poor. 

Figure 2 Flow maps of T-junction microchannels. (A) Liquid/liquid two-phase flow in a T-junction microchannel, whose cross-section is 0.52 x 0.2 mm for the main channel and 0.27 x 0.2 mm in for the side channel. The solid dots are from the experiment with water/2 wt% spanSO-dodecane and the hollow dots are from the experiment with octane/3 wt% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfonate)—water. (B and D) Gas/liquid two-phase and gas/liquid/liquid three-phase flows in a cross-junction microchannel. (C) Liquid/ liquid/liquid three-phase flows in a cross-junction microchannel in a flow-focusing microfluidic device. Panels (B and D) These figures are adapted from Wang et al (2013b) with permission of Wiley. Panel (C) Reprinted from Nieetal (2005) with permission of American Chemical Society.

Early adsorption studies performed by Fowkes and Harkins showed that low-molecular-weight amphiphiles such as n-butyl alcohol adsorb almost equally at the paraffin wax-aqueous solution interface and at the aqueous solution-air interface on the basis of Eqs. (34) and (12) (i.e., Fsl F ) [39]. Subsequent studies have suggested that such an adsorption pattern would be common for solutions of hydrocaroon surfactants, like sodium decane-l-sulfonate or sodium dodecane sulfate, on completely nonpolar surfaces such as paraffin wax or polytetrafluoro ethylene [40]. The rationale for expecting an almost equal adsorption of surfactants at the solid-solution and solution-air interfaces for the case of nonpolar solids is that the driving force is the same (i.e., the free energy lost by excluding the hydrophobic surfactant tails from water). 

Figure 20 shows the plot of the surface tension vs. the logarithm of the concentration (or-lg c-isotherms) of sodium alkanesulfonates C,0-C15 at 45°C. In accordance with the general behavior of surfactants, the interfacial activity increases with growing chain length. The critical micelle concentration (cM) is shifted to lower concentration values. The typical surface tension at cM is between 38 and 33 mN/m. The ammonium alkanesulfonates show similar behavior, though their solubility is much better. The impact of the counterions is twofold First, a more polarizable counterion lowers the cM value (Fig. 21), while the aggregation number of the micelles rises. Second, polarizable and hydrophobic counterions, such as n-propyl- or isopropylammonium and n-butylammonium ions, enhance the interfacial activity as well (Fig. 22). Hydrophilic counterions such as 2-hydroxyethylammonium have the opposite effect. Table 14 summarizes some data for the dodecane 1-sulfonates.

FIG. 20 CT-lg c Isotherms of homologous sodium alkane 1-sulfonates in water at 45 °C. , Decane 1-sulfonate , dodecane 1-sulfonate , tridecane 1-sulfonate a, tetradecane 1-sulfonate x, pentadecane 1-sulfonate. 

FIG. 23 CT-lg c Isotherms for sodium alkanesulfonates with the functional group in different positions, x, Dodecane 1-sulfonate (45°C) , dodecane 5-sulfonate (25°C) , pentadecane 1-sulfonate (45°C) , pentadecane 8-sulfonate (45°C). 

An example for a partially known ternary phase diagram is the sodium octane 1 -sulfonate/ 1-decanol/water system [61]. Figure 34 shows the isotropic areas L, and L2 for the water-rich surfactant phase with solubilized alcohol and for the solvent-rich surfactant phase with solubilized water, respectively. Furthermore, the lamellar neat phase D and the anisotropic hexagonal middle phase E are indicated (for systematics, cf. Ref. 62). For the quaternary sodium octane 1-sulfonate (A)/l-butanol (B)/n-tetradecane (0)/water (W) system, the tricritical point which characterizes the transition of three coexisting phases into one liquid phase is at 40.1°C A, 0.042 (mass parts) B, 0.958 (A + B = 56 wt %) O, 0.54 W, 0.46 [63]. For both the binary phase equilibrium dodecane... 

Chemicals The surfactant formulation consisted of fixed amounts of the surfactant TRS 10-410, a petroleum sulfonate (5 wt %) and isobutanol (3 wt %) in brine solutions of different sodium chloride concentrations up to 8.0 wt %. The oil used was dodecane. Double distilled water with conductivity less than 2 ys/cm was used throughout the experiments. Dodecane oil was of technical grade (95 mole %) supplied by Phillips Petroleum Company (Lot N-919). 

In contradiction of this expectation, Denkov and cowoikers [34-36] have shown that p for entry of oil drops into the air-water surface of surfactant solutions is usually essentially independent of the equatorial radii of those drops for submicellar and relatively dilute micellar solutions (where concentrations are <10 x CMC). Systems included dodecane (and other oils) in aqueous salt solutions of sodium dodecylben-zene sulfonate and polydimethylsiloxane oil in sodium dodecyl polyoxyethylene sulfate solutions. Experimental results [36] for the critical applied capillary pressures, p , as a function of equatorial drop radius for the latter system, are presented in Figure 3.7 to exemplify typical behavior. For relatively low surfactant concentrations, pf" is seen to be essentially constant. An exception concerns an extremely high surfactant concentration of 200 x CMC where p became strongly dependent... 

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