Sodium paraffin sulfonate

The energy consumption per 100 kg sodium paraffin sulfonates (100% active matter) is given in Table 7. 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium paraffin sulfonate Ionic Nature Anionic... 

This brings up the important point that the choice of counterion is also key for efficacy of the main anionic surfactants used in the cleaning formula. It has been known for some time that divalent metal salts of alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonates, and the like are better grease cleaners than the analogous sodium salts [87,88], These are more difficult to use due to their lower water stability, but they can be formulated with some of the more effective grease cutting solvents [89-90]. It has also been claimed that if ammonium salts of the anionic surfactants are used less residue is left on the surface [91]. 

It is well established that ultralow interfacial tension plays an important role in oil displacement processes [16,18]. The magnitude of interfacial tension can be affected by the surface concentration of surfactant, surface charge density, and solubilization of oil or brine. Experimentally, Shah et al. [23] demonstrated a direct correlation between interfacial tension and interfacial charge in various oil-water systems. Interfacial charge density is an important factor in lowering the interfacial tension. Figure 6 shows the interfacial tension and partition coefficient of surfactant as functions of salinity. The minimum interfacial tension occurs at the same salinity where the partition coefficient is near unity. The same correlation between interfacial tension and partition coefficient was observed by Baviere [24] for the paraffin oil-sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate-isopropyl alcohol-brine system. 

Petroleum sulfonates, sodium salts Petroleum sulfonic acid, monosodium salt. See Sodium petroleum sulfonate Petroleum thinner. See VM P naphtha Petroleum wax CAS 977051-70-9 UN 1223 (DOT) INS905c Synonyms Microcrystalline wax Petroleum wax, synthetic Refined petroleum wax Classification Petroleum hydrocarbon Definition Hydrocarbon derived from petroleum three types paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes, and petrolatum waxes Properties Translucent wax, odorless, tasteless very si. sol. in org. soivs. insol. in water m.p. 48-93 C... 

While alcohol sulfates, like sodium lauryl sulfate, are seldom used in household cleaning formulations, ethoxylated alcohol sulfates or alcohol ether sulfates are used more often. The ethoxyl-ated alcohol sulfates like sodium alkyl ethoxylated sulfate have become extensively used in many types of cleaners, often in mixtures with LAS for heavy-duty cleaners, or as the main surfactants themselves in the lighter-duty spray cleaners. They are generally somewhat milder than LAS and paraffin sulfonates, and higher foaming but somewhat less effective at grease removal. 

Surfactant alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, alkyl sulfate, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, ethoxylated alcohol, alkanol amide fatty acid, carbamates, amine oxide, ethoxylated alcohols, betaines Builder carbonates, citrates (Tielator EDTA Alkalinity sodium hydroxide, alkanolamines, sodium carbonate Acid phosphoric, dicarboxylic (like glutaric), citric, sulfamic, acetic Solvent alcohols, glycol ether Disinfectant quaternary ammonium surfactants... 

Alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, secondary alkanesulfonate, soap, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, alcohol-sulfate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate Ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyalkylene glycol ether Phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, silicate, citrate, gluconate, polyacrylate, EDTA-salt, phosphonate Alcohol, alcohol glycol ether, pine oil, rt-limonene Sodium/potassium hydroxide, alkanol-amine, ammonia, magnesium hydroxide Sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate... 

Some of these early hypotheses are essentially naive and are easily disposed of. Thus, Sinka and Lichtman [226] attributed the role of the particle to inhibition of solubilization of the oil. However, it is easily shown that the presence of concentrations of antifoam oil alone, well in excess of the (usually extremely low) amounts that are solubilized, may still produce a negligible antifoam effect with aqueous solutions of, say, anionic surfactants [43, 71]. Povich [209] showed that the increase in bulk shear viscosity of PDMS due to the presence of the silica is not responsible for the 7-fold increase in antifoam effectiveness accompanying the presence of that material in the oil. Moreover, Ross and Nishioka [210] showed that the presence of hydrophobed silica (at concentrations of the <5 wt.% normal in antifoams) has no effect on the surface shear viscosity of PDMS. Garrett et al. [43,71] have shown that although the presence of hydrophobed silica particles can facilitate dispersal of the antifoam oil, that is not the principal role of the particles. Thus, mineral oil dispersions of essentially the same size distribution as hydrophobed silica-liquid paraffin dispersions reveal a markedly different antifoam effectiveness. This is exemplified in Figure 4.76, where the relevant size distributions are compared with the respective antifoam effectiveness as measured by F for a solution of a commercial sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate. 

There are a number of problems with this mechanism. The first problem clearly concerns the requirement that the oil spread at the air-water surface. We have already established that this is not a necessary property of antifoam oils. A second problem is conceptual—depletion of surfactant in the foam film by adsorption on particles will give rise to an increase in surface tension, which will in turn produce a Marangoni flow in the direction of the foam film. This will tend to enhance film stability. Finally it is clear that an aspect of the mechanism is an intrinsic tendency for the particle to be removed from the oil phase to the aqueous phase. However, it has been shown [43, 71] that addition of liquid paraffin to a dispersion of hydrophobed silica in sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate solution produces an enhancement of antifoam effectiveness. The duplicated results are given in Table 4.9 where the antifoam effectiveness is indicated by the ratio F (given by Equation 4.71). This is clearly not consistent with a process of removal of particles from oil having a central role in the... 

Antifoam Effect of Adding Liquid Paraffin to a Dispersion of Hydrophobed Silica in 0.5 g dm Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Solution... 

Garrett [1] has reported what is apparently the only observation of the effect of the concentration of a mixed antifoam dispersion on F (or foam volume). Results are shown in Figure 5.5 where F is plotted against log(antifoam concentration). Here dispersion C was prepared by mixing dispersions A and B in a fixed proportion. Dispersions A and B were each prepared using only one antifoam species. The two different antifoams are both mixtures of hydrophobic particles and hydrocarbon oils—a commercial calcium alkyl phosphate-liquid paraffin (dispersion A) and a hydrophobed silica-liquid paraffin (dispersion B). All the dispersions were made using a solution of a commercial sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate. Foam measurements were done using a static Ross-Miles apparatus [1]. 

Figure 27 Adhesion tension of sodium C14—Cw paraffin sulfonate aqueous solutions on tripalmitin versus surface tension at room temperature.

All surfactants were tested at 1% of active ingredients. Abbreviations sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium laureth sulfate with x ethoxylations (SLEX-xEO), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), paraffine sulfonate (PS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS), sulfosuccinate (sulfo), sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI), mono alkyl sulfate (MAP), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), alkyl polyglucoside (APG), alcohol ethoxylate (Ale. ethbx.). 

Chem. Descrip. Proprietary sodium alkylaryl sulfonate Chem. Analysis 1.0% max. moisture 0.75% sodium sulfate Uses Corrosion inhibitor for semisyn. formulations emulsifier for paraffinic oils Features Compat. with wide range of soivs., sec. emulsifiers, coupling agents, bactericides, antioxidants and corrosion Inhibitors generates significantly lower foam levels than other commercially available sulfonates Regulatory Australia AlCS, Canada DSL, Europe EINECS, Japan ENCS, Korea ECL listed... 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium alkane sulfonates based on n-paraffin... 

See Sodium petroleum sulfonate Petroleum thinner. See VM P naphtha Petroleum wax, crystalline. See Paraffin Petroleum wax, microcrystalline. See Microcrystalline wax Petroleum wax, oxidized CAS 64743-00-6... 

LO Rewopol HM 28 Rewopol NL 2-28 Rewopol SBFA 30 Rewoquat RTM 50 Rockapon DLS Sodium carboxymethyl tallow polypropylamlne Sodlum/magne-sium laureth sulfate Sodlum-n-paraffin sulfonate Sparkle 630 Sparkle 670 STEOL CS-270 E VamasofI Babassu fomasofl dive Wilconale 1238 Sluny surfactant, liq. specialty cleansers Tegotens EC 11... 

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