Sodium styrene sulfonate

The monomer recovery process may vary ia commercial practice. A less desirable sequence is to filter or centrifuge the slurry to recover the polymer and then pass the filtrate through a conventional distillation tower to recover the unreacted monomer. The need for monomer recovery may be minimized by usiag two-stage filtration with filtrate recycle after the first stage. Nonvolatile monomers, such as sodium styrene sulfonate, can be partially recovered ia this manner. This often makes process control more difficult because some reaction by-products can affect the rate of polymerization and often the composition may vary. When recycle is used it is often done to control discharges iato the environment rather than to reduce monomer losses. 

Acrylic acid terpolymers have appeared on the market in recent years. With their broad spectrum of functions, they offer the potential for excellent waterside conditions. In particular, the terpolymers have proved to be very effective particulate iron oxides dispersants and colloidal iron stabilizers. Examples include acrylic acid/sulfonic acid/sodium styrene sulfonate (AA/SA/SSS), such as Good-Rite K781, K797, K798. A further example is acrylic acid/ sulfonic acid/substituted acrylamide (AA/SA/NI), such as Acumer 3100. 

Acrylic add/sulfonic acid/sodium styrene sulfonate 447 Acrylic add/sulfonic acid/substituted acrylamide 447... 

AA/SA AA/SA/NI AA/SA/SSS sulfonate (polymer) aciylic acid/sulfonic acid aciylic acid/sulfonic acid/ nonionic (polymer) aciylic acid/sulfonic acid/sodium styrene sulfonate acrylic acid/sulfonic acid/substituted acrylamide (polymer)... 

Deflocculants have a relatively low molecular weight. Polymers composed of sodium styrene sulfonate, maleic anhydride, and a zwitterionic functionalized maleic anhydride [738,1411,1412,1415] are suitable. 

Hydroxypropyl cellulose Poly(sodium styrene sulfonate)... 

Turner, S.R., Walker, T.O. and Thaler, W.A. "Sodium Styrene Sulfonate Co-Sodium N-(4-Sulfo Phenyl) Maleimide An Improved Viscosity Control Additive," US Patent 4,478,727(1984). 

Schubert, M. A. Myers, J. P. Thrasher, G. T. Acrylic Acid-Sodium Styrene Sulfonated Copolymer Separator Coatings for Alkaline Electrolytes. Presented at the 202nd Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Salt Lake City, UT. 

Because of the repulsion of the cyanide groups the polymer backbone assumes a rod-like conformation. The fibers derive their basic properties from this stiff structure of PAN where the nitrile groups are randomly distributed about the backbone rod. Because of strong bonding between the chains, they tend to form bundles. Most acrylic fibers actually contain small amounts of other monomers, such as methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. As they are difficult to dye, small amounts of ionic monomers, such as sodium styrene sulfonate, are often added to improve their dyeability. Other monomers are also employed to improve dyeability. These include small amounts (about 4%) of more hydrophilic monomers, such as -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (Equation 6.69), methacrylic add, or 2-vinylpyridine (Equation 6.70). 

Certain acrylic acid terpolymers have proved to be effective iron oxide dispersants and iron stabilizers (an example is acrylic acid/sulfonic acid/sodium styrene sulfonate, or AA/SA/SSS). 

Fig. 5.8 (a) Polymaleic acid (PMA) (b) Acrylimido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) (c) Maleic anhydride (d) Sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS)... 

While for the complexation with poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) or sodium cellulosesulfate 1 1 stoichiometry has been reported [150] a non-stoichiometric complex results with sodium carboxymethylcellulose [150]. Optimized conditions make it possible to create membranes with various properties using the PDADMAC/sodium cellulosesulfate system [166-168]. However, the symplex formation with PDADMAC or copolymers mostly results in flocculated precipitates [27,150,169]. Highly ordered mulilayer assemblies were prepared by alternate reaction of PDADMAC and various polyanions [170,171]. Recently, the efficiency and selectictivity of protein separation via PEL coacervation were examined using PDADMAC [172]. 

Additional semipermeable membrane—forming polymers are selected from the group consisting of acetaldehyde dimethyl cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate ethyl carbamate, cellulose dimethylamino acetate, semipermeable polyamides, semipermeable polyurethanes, or semipermeable sulfonated polystyrenes. Semipermeable cross-linked selectively permeable polymers formed by coprecipitation of a polyanion and a polycation also can be used for this purpose.22 23 Other polymer materials such as lightly cross-linked polystyrene derivatives, semipermeable cross-linked poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), and semipermeable poly (vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride) may be considered.24,25... 

Seven polystyrene latexes prepared with persulfate initiator and bicarbonate buffer were characterized to demonstrate the efficacy of this method (6). Three were monodisperse latexes prepared using conventional emulsifiers four were prepared using sodium styrene sulfonate or sodium vinyltoluene sulfonate as canan-omeric emulsifiers. Each latex was subjected to serum replacement with... 

Systematic studies on micellar size and structure have been published for poly(styrene-h-acrylic acid) (PS-PAAc) [7, 8], poly(styrene-fr-sodium acrylate) (PS-PAAcNa) [9], or quaternized poly(styrene-h-4-vinyl-pyridine) (PS-P4VPMeI) [10, 11]. It was concluded that the polyelectrolyte chains in the micellar corona are almost fully stretched [8]. The effect of salt concentration was investigated by Guenoun et al. on poly(f-butylstyrene-fr-sodium styrene sulfonate) (PtBS-PSSNa) who observed a weak decrease of micellar size and aggregation number when the salt concentration was increased beyond 0.01 mol/1 [12]. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), the authors could provide additional support for the rod-like conformation of the polyelectrolyte chains in the micellar corona [13]. 

A large number of macromolecules complementary to PMAA, namely polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polyacrylamide, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene oxide), oligoethylenimine, poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), polycations of the integral type ionen (2X) were used as P2 and P3. The pH of the media strongly influences the studied reactions of complex formation. For example, in PVPy + PVP + PMAA or OEI + PEO + PMAA systems in the add region, where weak polybases are completely protonized and PMAA does practically not dissodate, complexes with hydrogen bonds (PMAA-PVP or PMAA-PEO) are formed. In neutral medium weak polybases are partially ionizated and polyelectrolyte complexes (PMAA-PVPy, PMAA-OEI) are generated. In the alkaline medium formation of complexes has not been observed. 

Various combinations of the above are possible, for instance polyblends of materials from groups 2 and 3 or of a polycationic and a polyanionic material both from group 3. A special example of the latter is a stoichiometric blend of poly (sodium styrene sulfonate) and poly (vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) known as "polysalt which was recently studied by Gray (36). 

Sadek, O.M. et al.. Adsorption of poly(4-sodium styrene sulfonate) on kaohnite clays, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 100, 1712, 2006. 

Ionomers of practical interest have been prepared by two synthetic routes (a) copolymerization of a low level of functionalized monomer with an olefinically unsaturated monomer or (b) direct functionalization of a preformed polymer. Typically, carboxyl containing ionomers are obtained by direct copolymerization of acrylic or methacrylic acid with ethylene, styrene and similar comonomers by free radical copoly-merization. Rees (22) has described the preparation of a number of such copolymers. The resulting copolymer is generally available as the free acid which can be neutralized to the degree desired with metal hydroxides, acetates and similar salts. Recently, Weiss et al.(23-26) have described the preparation of sulfonated ionomers by copolymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate with butadiene or styrene. 

Weiss at al.(11) observed similar effects of solvent polarity on the solution behavior of copolymers of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate and the Na-salt of an SPS with a lower backbone molecular weight than that studied by Lundberg and Phillips. Weiss and co-workers observed no such behavior with a mixed solvent of toluene (e 2.4) and methanol (c 32 6). Insight of the differences in the solution behavior of Na and Mg salts of the carboxylate ionomers in DMF reported by Schade and Gartner, it is worth noting that neither Weiss et al. nor Lundberg and hillips reported data in polar solvents for cations other than Na. ... 

Figure 1. Reduced viscosity-concentration relationships of PS and S-PS of different sodium styrene sulfonate levels in tetrahydrofuran. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 7. Copyright 1982 J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed.

Trinh CK, Schnabel W. Polyelectrolyte complexes of binary and ternary systems containing poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), poly(sodium phosphate), and poly(/V-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide). Angew Makromol Chem 1994 221 127-135. 

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