Rosin, source

Hydrogenated rosin Tall oil rosin rosin source Tall oil... 

Karlberg A-T, Liden C (1992) Colophony (rosin) in newspapers may contribute to hand eczema. Br J Dermatol 126 161-165 Karlberg A-T, Gaftert E, Liden C (1995) Environmentally friendly paper may increase risk of hand eczema in rosin-sensitive persons. J Am Acad Dermatol 33 427-432 Karlberg A-T, Gafvert E, Meding B, et al. (1996) Airborne contact dermatitis from unexpected exposure to rosin (colophony). Rosin sources revealed with chemical analyses. Contact Dermatitis 35 272-278... 

Natural resins were probably known to early people, who recognized them as exudates from trees. Collection and use of these resins have been recorded by early Roman and Greek historians. Many products have been collected by the same methods throughout history to the present time. However, increased labor costs and competition from synthetic resins have reduced the demand for some natural resins, so they have become less available. In other cases, such as that of rosin, the traditional collection of gum from trees has been supplemented or replaced by isolation from other sources, such as paper pulping and tree stumps. 

Production. Rosin is isolated from pine trees, principally from longleaf Pinuspalustris slash Pinus ellioti and lobloUy pine Pinus taeda. The products are known as gum, wood, or tall oil rosin, based on the method of isolation and the source. 

Wood is the raw material of the naval stores iadustry (77). Naval stores, so named because of their importance to the wooden ships of past centuries, consist of rosin (diterpene resin acids), turpentine (monoterpene hydrocarbons), and associated chemicals derived from pine (see Terpenoids). These were obtained by wounding the tree to yield pine gum, but the high labor costs have substantially reduced this production in the United States. Another source of rosin and turpentine is through extraction of old pine stumps, but this is a nonrenewable resource and this iadustry is in decline. The most important source of naval stores is spent sulfate pulpiag Hquors from kraft pulpiag of pine. In 1995, U.S. production of rosin from all sources was estimated at under 300,000 metric tons and of turpentine at 70,000 metric tons. Distillation of tall oil provides, in addition to rosin, nearly 128,000 metric tons of tall oil fatty acids annually (78). 

Many similar hydrocarbon duids such as kerosene and other paraffinic and naphthenic mineral oils and vegetable oils such as linseed oil [8001-26-17, com oil, soybean oil [8001-22-7] peanut oil, tall oil [8000-26-4] and castor oil are used as defoamers. Liquid fatty alcohols, acids and esters from other sources and poly(alkylene oxide) derivatives of oils such as ethoxylated rosin oil [68140-17-0] are also used. Organic phosphates (6), such as tributyl phosphate, are valuable defoamers and have particular utiHty in latex paint appHcations. Another important class of hydrocarbon-based defoamer is the acetylenic glycols (7), such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol which are widely used in water-based coatings, agricultural chemicals, and other areas where excellent wetting is needed. 

The resin acids found in rosins are generally of the abietic- and pimaric-type. Rosins of various pine species differ in their content of abietic vs. pimaric-type acids. Rosins from species exhibiting high abietic-type acid compositions are preferred for production of rosin derivatives. However, the differences in properties of rosins are often associated with their non-resin acid content instead of their chemical compositions. On the other hand, the compositions of rosins from different sources greatly differ [22]. Table 8 shows a typical distribution of resin acids in rosins obtained from gum, tall oil and wood sources. 

Typical composition (in per cent of acid fraction) of the common resin acids in rosins obtained from different sources [22]... 

Gum turpentine is obtained from wounding living trees to get an exudate containing turpentine and rosin. Turpentine is separated from the rosin by continuous steam distillation and further fractionation. Wood turpentine comes from the extraction of stumps of pine trees using naphtha, and subsequent separation of rosin and turpentine by fractional distillation. Tail-oil turpentine is a byproduct of the Kraft sulphate paper manufacture. Terpenes are isolated from the sulphate terpentine and separated from the black digestion liquor. The composition of turpentine oils depends on its source, although a-pinene and p-pinene are the major components. 

Odour. This aspect is important in resins derived from natural sources. Rosins based on wood and gum rosin retain trace quantities of terpenes and have a piney odour. Tall oil rosins retain the typical sour odour of the rosin. Odour can be removed by steam sparging under vacuum before or during esterification of rosins. Addition of odour masks can also be done. 

Polyterpenes. Polyterpenes is one of the first classes of non-polar tack-ifiers to be developed. Terpene monomers are a by-product in the extraction of rosin from wood stumps or tree sap, and from the extraction of oils from citrus fruits. The latter is the dominant source. As such, polyterpene prices generally mirror those of citrus fruits, which fluctuate substantially from one growing season to the next. Terpenes like rosin are cyclic, see Fig. 6, which is partly responsible for their excellent solvent properties. 

Naturally occurring rosins are derived from vegetable sources in the forms of exudates, i.e., gums. Rosin and rosin esters have found a number of applications within the rubber industry. Rosin acids are easily oxidised and thus it is more usual to find rosin presented to the rubber industry in a... 

Uses Solvent for nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, rosin, shellac, manila resin, dyes fuel for utility plants home heating oil extender preparation of methyl esters, formaldehyde, methacrylates, methylamines, dimethyl terephthalate, polyformaldehydes methyl halides, ethylene glycol in gasoline and diesel oil antifreezes octane booster in gasoline source of hydrocarbon for fuel cells extractant for animal and vegetable oils denaturant for ethanol in formaldehyde solutions to inhibit polymerization softening agent for certain plastics dehydrator for natural gas intermediate in production of methyl terLbutyl ether. 

Wood is also an industrial source of charcoal, tannin, rosin, turpentine, and various oilier essential oils and pharmaceutical products. 

Turpentine and Rosin The major naval stores products are turpentine, primarily composed of volatile terpenes, and rosin, mainly a mixture of resin acids. Principally the same products, but in different proportions, can be recovered by tapping resin-rich trees or by steam distillation or solvent extraction of wood residues and especially stumps. Today, however, the most important source for turpentine and rosin is the tall oil recovered after pulping of pine wood (see Section 10.3.1). 

Materials. Book papers dating from about 1790 to 1983 and provided by the Library of Congress were used. The book documents were selected at approximately 10-year intervals and are listed in Table I. Whatman filter paper was used as a cellulosic sample. The fiber sources of the paper documents were determined by a staining technique developed by Graff (5). The aluminon test (6) and Raspail test (7) were performed to determine the presence of alums and rosins, respectively, in paper documents. For comparison purposes, pH values of paper documents were obtained by cold-distilled-water extraction of 1 g of paper for 1 h. 

After some time the system is evacuated and tested with a manometer. The connections of rubber tubing to the glass tubing of the apparatus are always a source of leaks. When a pressure below 20 mm is desired, the joints should be painted with a molten mixture of equal parts of yellow beeswax and rosin, or any other suitable non-cracking cement. 

Use Manufacture of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and dimethyl terephthalate chemical synthesis (methyl amines, methyl chloride, methyl methacrylate) antifreeze solvent for nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinyl butyral, shellac, rosin, manila resin, dyes denaturant for ethanol dehydrator for natural gas fuel for utility plants (methyl fuel) feedstock for manufacture of synthetic proteins by continuous fermentation source of hydrogen for fuel cells home-heating-oil extender. 

Use Paint vehicles, source of rosin, alkyd resins, soaps, cutting oils and emulsifiers, driers, flotation agents, oil-well drilling muds, core oils, lubricants and greases, asphalt derivatives, rubber reclaiming, synthesis of cortisone and sex hormones, chemical intermediates. 

Paper curls and wrinkles as its moisture content is changed by ambient humidity and the fusing process. Sheets become charged and stick to surfaces where they are not wanted. To the engineer, paper is a source of fibers, clay, rosin, and other forms of aggravation (7j4, Hi, 142). ... 

Meanwhile, in Rome, Pliny the Elder outlined a primitive method of condensation which collected oil from rosin on a bed of wool, and also made the first tentative experiments in chromatography. The Romans had developed techniques of enamelling, and made one of the most fundamental discoveries that glass could be blown. The Roman contribution to perfumes consisted mainly in making an industry of the supply of raw materials and production of a large variety of fragrances in different forms. Military conquests secured new sources and supply routes to fit the steady demands of a far-flung empire, and the key products in demand were ... 

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