Octane booster

All of the benzoic acid producers in the United States employ the Hquid-phase toluene air oxidation process. As toluene becomes more important in the gasoline pool as an octane booster, the benzoic acid producers have to compete with gasoline marketers for the available toluene. If the attractiveness of toluene as an octane booster continues, the cost of producing benzoic acid will most likely increase. 

The major use of methyl chloride is to produce silicon polymers. Other uses include the synthesis of tetramethyl lead as a gasoline octane booster, a methylating agent in methyl cellulose production, a solvent, and a refrigerant. 

Because the Williamson synthesis is an S 2 reaction, it is subject to all the usual constraints, as discussed in Section 11.2. Primary halides and tosylates work best because competitive E2 elimination can occur with more hindered substrates. Unsymmetrical ethers should therefore be synthesized by reaction between the more hindered alkoxide partner and less hindered halide partner rather than vice versa. For example, terf-butyl methyl ether, a substance used in the 1990s as an octane booster in gasoline, is best prepared by reaction of tert-butoxide ion. with iodomethane rather than by reaction of methoxide ion with 2-chloro-2-methylpropane. 

Other major components in gasoline come from catalytic reforming, alkylation and the addition of an oxygenated octane booster, methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTB E). 

Jet fuels with octane numbers above 100 are tested against standards containing octane boosters. 

Figure 9.15. MTBE, methyl t-butyl ether, a common octane booster in gasoline, has an octane number of 116. Other boosters are ETBE (ethyl t-butyl ether RON = 118) and TAME (t-amyl methyl ether RON = 111).

About 95% of the MTBE is used as an octane booster/oxygenate in gasoline, as of this writing. The rest is used is used as a solvent and as feedstock in the production of methacrolein and methacrylic acid. 

Uses Denaturant for ethyl alcohol manufacturing flavors, perfumes (artificial musk), flotation agents solvent paint removers octane booster for unleaded gasoline dehydrating agent chemical intermediate. 

Uses Manufacture of acetone, acetophenone, diisopropylbenzene, a-methylstyrene and phenol, polymerization catalysts constituent of motor fuel, asphalt, and naphtha catalyst for acrylic and polyester-type resins octane booster for gasoline solvent. 

Source Some unleaded gasoline may contain isopropyl ether and other oxygenates as an octane booster and to prevent engine knock. 

Uses Solvent for nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, rosin, shellac, manila resin, dyes fuel for utility plants home heating oil extender preparation of methyl esters, formaldehyde, methacrylates, methylamines, dimethyl terephthalate, polyformaldehydes methyl halides, ethylene glycol in gasoline and diesel oil antifreezes octane booster in gasoline source of hydrocarbon for fuel cells extractant for animal and vegetable oils denaturant for ethanol in formaldehyde solutions to inhibit polymerization softening agent for certain plastics dehydrator for natural gas intermediate in production of methyl terLbutyl ether. 

Despite the current decrease of oil prices, the conversion of syngas to alcohols remains an attractive objective. Many companies are involved in alcohols synthesis projects, based on high pressure or low pressure technologies, with motor-fuels and octane boosters as targets. The I.F.P. (France Idemitsu (Japan) R D program is focused on the co-produc-tion of methanol and light alcohols. These product... 

Another near future objective is to ensure development of technology that enables production of motor-fuel substitutes fhom non petroleum sources. The production of methanol-higher alcohols mixtures fhom natural gas,via syngas, remains a priority objective to obtain octane boosters capable of replacing lead alkyls and to allow the use of additional low-priced methanol. 

Cooper and Watson (21) reported finding about 0.1% manganese in both the fine (<2 pm) and coarse ( 2 pm) particle fractions, respectively, of urban dust in Portland and 0.2% and 0.085% in the fine and coarse fractions, respectively in continental dust. Thus, it should be possible to use this element in RSP samples as a soil tracer in New York City. However, during part of the period of this investigation, methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl (MMT) was used as an octane booster for unleaded gasoline ( ). ... 

These two ethers are used as blending agents (antiknock effect) in the petroleum industry. Especially, ethyl ferf-butyl ether is expected to become the most widely used octane booster on gasoline blending. Ethyl fcrf-butyl ether is mainly produced on an industrial scale by the reaction of isobutene with an excess of ethanol. Thus, the separation from ethanol is very important. 

Arce, A., Rodriguez, O., and Soto A., Use of a green and cheap ionic liquid to purify gasoline octane booster. Green Chem., 9, 247, 2007. 

Phase down of lead as octane booster in gasoline in U.S. Created demand for nonleaded octane booster for liquid fuels. 

Ethanol production at 500 v 106 gallon/year for use as octane booster. 

Methyl f erf-butyl ether (MTBE, C5H120), a substance used as an octane booster in gasoline, can be made by reaction of isobutylene (C4H8) with methanol (CH40). What is the percent yield of the reaction if 32.8 g of methyl tert-butyl ether is obtained from reaction of 26.3 g of isobutylene with sufficient methanol ... 

Combustion analysis of 0.1500 g of methyl ferf-butyl ether, an octane booster used in gasoline, gave 0.3744 g of C02 and 0.1838 g of H20. When a flask having a volume of... 

Ethanol (C2H5OH), the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages and an octane booster in gasoline, is produced by fermentation of glucose. The balanced equation is... 

Methyl f erf-butyl ether (MTBE), an octane booster in gasoline, can be synthesized by heating methanol and ferf-butyl alcohol with sulfuric acid ... 

Octane Boosters. A third method of supplementing gasoline with methanol is via the gasoline additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). 

MTBE is primarily an octane booster but, unlike existing octane boosters, it contains no metals. MTBE is already used in Western Europe as a fuel additive and was recently approved by EPA for use in gasoline in USA. 

Methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE, is currently used as an octane booster in gasoline. It has replaced the environmentally unsound... 

Ethyl chloride rose to commercial importance because of the automotive industry. It was the starting material for tetraethyllead, at one time the most commonly used octane booster. Demand has been cut drastically because of the conversion from leaded to unleaded gasoline for environmental reasons. Other uses for ethyl chloride are in the production of ethyl cellulose, as an ethylating agent, as a blowing agent, and in solvent extraction. 

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