Softening agents

Formulations of ammonium phosphates and ammonium bromide are sold for use on ceUulosic—synthetic fiber blends. Other ammonium phosphate formulations contain wetting and softening agents. A large-volume, ca 9000 t/yr ia 1991, use ia the United States (48) for ammonium phosphate is ia forest fire control, usuaUy by aerial appUcation (see also Ammonium compounds). 

Docusate calcium is used both as a fecal softening agent and an emulsifier, ie, a wetting or dispersing agent for external preparations (see Emulsions). 

Potassium acetate is very soluble and is used in the manufacture of glass (qv), as a buffer (see Hydrogen-ION activity) or a dehydrating agent, and in medicine as a diuretic (see Diuretic agents). It is dehquescent and is used as a softening agent for papers and textiles. 

Basic dyes amino derivatives (and acetic acid and softening agents) used mainly for application on paper. 

Erweichung, /. softening mollification. Erweichungs-mittelf n. softening agent, softener (P/inrm.) emollient, demulcent, -punkt, m. softening point. 

Crystals of sodium hydroxide (lye) react with carbon dioxide from air to form a colorless liquid, water, and a white powder, sodium carbonate, which is commonly added to detergents as a softening agent. Write a balanced equation for this chemical reaction. 

The sequestering agent tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) removes calcium and magnesium from the saliva, so they can t deposit on teeth as insoluble deposits called tartar (calcified plaque). In this respect it acts as a water-softening agent. However, it won t remove tartar that already exists. 

Other chemicals that are common in different RSL are phthalates. Phthalates are usually used as softening agents in plastics to obtain the required flexibility. The most common phthalates included on restriction lists for the leather industry are bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di- isononyl phthalate (DINP), D- isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). All these chemicals are included on the SVHC list (Candidate List), and currently (2012) there is a proposal to restrict the placing of products containing DEHP, BBP and DBP on the market in the EU. 

Before dealing with the detailed chemistry of softening agents, it is useful to consider some general factors. The desirable properties of an ideal softener can be summarised as follows [482] ... 

Uses Removing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from natural gas in emulsifiers, hair waving solutions, polishes softening agent for hides agricultural sprays pharmaceuticals, chemical intermediates corrosion inhibitor rubber accelerator nonionic detergents wool treatment. 

Uses Solvent for nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, rosin, shellac, manila resin, dyes fuel for utility plants home heating oil extender preparation of methyl esters, formaldehyde, methacrylates, methylamines, dimethyl terephthalate, polyformaldehydes methyl halides, ethylene glycol in gasoline and diesel oil antifreezes octane booster in gasoline source of hydrocarbon for fuel cells extractant for animal and vegetable oils denaturant for ethanol in formaldehyde solutions to inhibit polymerization softening agent for certain plastics dehydrator for natural gas intermediate in production of methyl terLbutyl ether. 

Softening Design of softening tank to increase mixing Dose of softening agent (lime)... 

This compd is used as a softening agent for NC 8c acetylcellulose lacquers, and to increase flexibility of nonboilable catgut sutures (Ref 8)... 

Diethyleneglycol is used in plasticizers, humectants, solvs, brake fluids, antifreezes 8c softening agents. Its deriv s are useful in many other applications (Refs 5 7)... 

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