Naval stores

Natural products derived from conifer oleoresins, particularly those from pine, have been articles of commerce since before recorded history. These oleoresins, which consist of an essential oil and a resin, are the source of turpentine (the essential oil), rosin (the resin), and a host of degraded products of rosin such as tars, pitches, oils, and fossil resins. 

One of the most ancient commercial derivatives is amber, a fossilized resin originating from a group of conifers loosely named Pinus succinifera that grew 

Among other early uses, naval stores were used as a source of light (torches), as a liquid fire in early warfare, in medicinal preparations, in the preparation of the characteristic Greek wine retsina, in axle greases (as mixtures of pine tar with tallow), and as adhesives for the decorative application of marble and other stones to buildings. 

Because of the emphasis in this chapter on a review of naval stores utilization, an extensive attribution to primary publications is not appropriate. For in-depth coverage of the facets of utilization, the reader is referred to a new book on the subject (20) and to the somewhat dated 1961 tome of Sandermann (14). Other important publications provide further information on the early history of naval stores (6), the utilization (11) and recovery of tall oil (3), the recovery of sulfate turpentine (4), comparative values of naval stores commodities and chemicals (19), and naval stores statistics (12). 

Today s naval stores are classified into three types - gum, wood and sulfate -based on the methods for obtaining them. Although gum naval stores accounted for over 80% of total US. naval stores production in the 1930s, sulfate byproducts now account for some 85% of U.S. production with only 2% from gum naval stores operations wood naval stores is the source of the remaining 13%. However, gum oleoresin accounts for over half of the world production of naval stores. 

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Naval brass (alloy 465) Naval stores Navane... 

Rosin and associated products obtained from pine trees have been used for hundreds of years to caulk the bottoms of wooden sailing vessels and to lubricate the lines. These materials are known as naval stores because of this practice. 

Naval Stores Keview International Yearbook Naval Stores Review, New Orleans, La., 1993, p. 4. 

D. P. Zinkel and. Russell, eds.. Naval Stores, Pulp Chemicals Association, Inc., New York, 1989. 

Wood is the raw material of the naval stores iadustry (77). Naval stores, so named because of their importance to the wooden ships of past centuries, consist of rosin (diterpene resin acids), turpentine (monoterpene hydrocarbons), and associated chemicals derived from pine (see Terpenoids). These were obtained by wounding the tree to yield pine gum, but the high labor costs have substantially reduced this production in the United States. Another source of rosin and turpentine is through extraction of old pine stumps, but this is a nonrenewable resource and this iadustry is in decline. The most important source of naval stores is spent sulfate pulpiag Hquors from kraft pulpiag of pine. In 1995, U.S. production of rosin from all sources was estimated at under 300,000 metric tons and of turpentine at 70,000 metric tons. Distillation of tall oil provides, in addition to rosin, nearly 128,000 metric tons of tall oil fatty acids annually (78). 

A rather impressive Hst of materials and products are made from renewable resources. For example, per capita consumption of wood is twice that of all metals combined. The ceUulosic fibers, rayon and cellulose acetate, are among the oldest and stiU relatively popular textile fibers and plastics. Soy and other oilseeds, including the cereals, are refined into important commodities such as starch, protein, oil, and their derivatives. The naval stores, turpentine, pine oil, and resin, are stiU important although their sources are changing from the traditional gum and pine stumps to tall oil recovered from pulping. 

I.4. Polyterpene resins. Terpene resins are obtained from natural terpene monomers obtained from naval stores, paper pulp production, and citrus juice production. Terpenes are found in almost all living plants, and the turpentine oil from pine trees is the most important source. 

Skeist, I. (Ed.), Handbook of Adhesives, 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall, New York, 1977. Zinkel, D.E. and Russell, J. (Eds.), Naval Stores. Production, Chemistry, Utilization. Pulp Chemical Association, New York, 1989. 

Schiffsbediiifnisse, n.pl. naval stores. Schlff sche Base, hiff base. 

The formation of the Ordnance Department resulted from four events following cessation of hostilities in 1784. In 1785, the Secretary of War was charged with taking into his care all military stores, equipment, and supplies of the US Army. Second, a Surveyor of Ordnance was authorized in 1789. Third, Congress provided for the erection and repair of magazines and arsenals, and for the establishment of national armories. Fourth, in 1795, a Purveyor of Public Supplies was appointed to conduct the procurement of all military and naval stores necessary for the service of the USA. Finally, the establishment of the Ordnance Department as a separate corps was effected by Congressional Act of 14 May 1812... 

Beck, C.W., Stewart, D.R. and Stout, E.C. (1994). Analysis of naval stores from the Late Roman ship. In Deep Water Archaeology a Late Roman Ship from Carthage and an Ancient Trade Route near Skerki Bank off Northwest Sicily, ed. McCann, A.M. and Freed, J., Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series No. 13, Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 109-121. 

Contribution of the Naval Stores Laboratory, Olustee, Florida, one of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

These still important products, produced from softwood pines, were once used by the U.S. Navy in the days of wooden ships and were governed by the 1923 Federal Naval Stores Act. 

The last naval stores chemical that we will mention is tannin, an extract from the wood, bark, or leaves of many trees and plants. This is a mixture of... 

The oleoresinous exudate or "pitch of many conifers, but mainly pines, is the raw material for the major products of the naval stores industry. The oleoresin is produced in the epithelial cells which surround the resin canals. When the tree is wounded the resin canals are cut. The pressure of the epithelial cells forces die oleoresin to the surface of die wound where it is collected. The oleoresin is separated into two fractions by steam distillation. The volatile fraction is called gum turpentine and contains chiefly a mixture of monoterpenes but a smaller amount of sesquiterpenes is present also. The nonvolatile gum rosin 5 consists mainly of llie dilerpenuid resin acids and smaller amounts of esters, alcohols and steroids. Wood turpentine, wood rosin and a fraction of intermediate volatility, pine oil are obtained together by gasoline extrachon of the chipped wood of old pine stumps. Pine oil is largely a mixture of the monoterpenoids terpineol. borneol and fenchyl alcohol. Sulfate turpentine and its nonvolatile counterpart, tall oil, 5 are isolated as by-products of the kraft pulping process. Tall oil consists of nearly equal amounts of saponified fatty acid esters and resin acids. 

Many of the trees often thought of as pines actually belong in other botanical families. This family is a north temperate one extending south to central America and the West Indies with some representation in Sumatra and Java. It is well known as a source of lumber, ornamentals, paper pulp, edible seeds, and naval stores (resins and turpentine). 

Yields of 50% and reduced energy consumption have been achieved by a history of innovation. Such innovation has included the Tomlinson black liquor recovery boiler, the Kamyr continuous digester and associated diffusion washer, multiple-effect evaporators, and low-odor concentrators. Economic advantages also have been gained by the development of systems for recovering extractives such as tall oil, fatty acids, and resin from the pulping liquor for sale as naval stores. Future innovations may focus on the lime kiln and other related systems. 

Some pine species can be induced to exude pathological resin by wounding living trees. This exuded oleoresin is collected manually. Tar and pitch isolated from this gum was originally used for the protection and tightening of the hulls of wooden ships and for the preservation of ropes ("Naval stores") and gave rise to the so-called naval stores industry. Centered in the southeastern longleaf and slash pine areas of the United States this industry... 

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