Protein, synthetic

Historically, natural polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, starch and proteins, synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyamides and many... 

Chen KY, Cheng YM, Lai CH et al (2007) Ortho green fluorescence protein synthetic chromophore Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer via a seven-membered-ring hydrogen-bonding system. J Am Chem Soc 129 4534 -535... 

In contrast to biological macromolecules such as proteins, synthetic polymers are, in general, polydisperse. Their molar masses, which show a broad distribution of... 

This chapter presents methods and protocols suitable for the identification and characterization of inhibitors of the prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic translational apparatus as a whole or targeting specific, underexploited targets of the bacterial protein synthetic machinery such as translation initiation and amino-acylation. Some of the methods described have been used successfully for the high-throughput screening of libraries of natural or synthetic compounds and make use of model universal mRNAs that can be translated with similar efficiency by cellfree extracts of bacterial, yeast, and HeLa cells. Other methods presented here are suitable for secondary screening tests aimed at identifying a ... 

This is a secondary test, the purpose of which is to ascertain that translational inhibitors active on the yeast and/or bacterial translational apparatus are harmless for the human protein synthetic machinery. All the considerations made for the yeast translation apply also to this system. 

One of the consequences of this rapid increase in protein synthetic capacity in VMN neurons is that E increases the number of spines on dendrites and increases the density of synapses in the VMN. These events occur cyclically during the estrous cycle of the female rat. Dots indicate presynaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter. 

Ma D, Morris JF. 2002. Protein synthetic machinery in the dendrites of the magnoceUular neurosecretory neurons of wild-type Long-Evans and homozygous Brattleboro rats. J Histochem Cytochem 23 171-186. 

In any battle, when the defence is outnumbered by the enemy, more troops are brought into the battle from the reserve. However, in the immune system, there are initially no reserve troops. When an antigen binds to its complementary antibody-receptor on B-cells, these are strongly stimulated to proliferate (clonal expansion). In addition, not only does the number of daughter cells increase but each quickly develops into what is known as an effector (or plasma) cell, in which the protein synthetic machinery increases through the development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, so that there is a large increase in the number of antibodies synthesised and secreted. A simple description of the sequence of events is as follows ... 

Some pathogens invade, survive and proliferate within host cells. These include viruses, bacteria and parasites. Viruses are unique since to proliferate they require the nucleic acid and protein synthetic machinery of the infected cells. Hence, once the virus has infected the host cell, the most effective means of killing the virus is to kill the infected cell. Viruses that escape from the dead host cell are neutralised by binding to the antibodies, and the anti-body-virus complex is phagocytosed by macrophages. 

Figure 17.28 Killing of a virus-infected host cell by a cytotoxic T-cell. The protein synthetic machinery of the host cell is used to synthesise viral proteins. However, the protein of the virus is digested to produce peptides that form a complex with MHC class I protein, which is presented on the cell surface of the host cell, to which the cytotoxic T-cell binds, releasing the contents of the granules, which kill the host cell (see text).

Protein Synthetic oligonucleotide (5 -3 ) Res (A) References Space group P DNA ratio T C Buffer and additives... 

Clawson GA, MacDonald JR, Woo CH. 1987. Early hypomethylation of 2 -0- Ribose moieties in hepatocyte cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA underlies the protein synthetic defect produced by CCK J Cell Biol 105 705-711. 

The restriction enzymes are present in most bacterial cells to restrict the ability of foreign DNA to take over the protein-synthetic machinery of cells. Their own DNA is protected by the restriction enzyme due to the presence of cellular enzymes that methylate specific nucleotides, so that the nucleotides cannot be recognized by the restriction enzymes. 

Smith, M.A.K. (1981). Estimation of growth potential by measurement of tissue protein synthetic rates in feeding and fasting rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology 19,213-220. 

Examination of presence of samples on array To verily that proteins, synthetic peptides, and carbohydrates are successfully printed, microarrays can be incubated with antibodies, receptors, or lectins known to react with the printed substance. The reaction is detected either by conjugating directly afluorochrome to the detector, or by a second-step staining procedure. 

Polymers are large molecules (macromolecules) that consist of one or two small molecules (monomers) joined to each other in long, often highly branched, chains in a process called polymerization. Both natural and synthetic polymers exist. Some examples of natural polymers are starch, cellulose, chitin (the material of which shells are made), nucleic acids, and proteins. Synthetic polymers, the subject of this chapter, include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyesters, polycarbonates, and polyurethanes. In their raw, unprocessed form, synthetic polymers are sometimes referred to as resins. Polymers are formed in two general ways by addition or by condensation. 

Nature Mixture of mucopolysaccharide Synthetic arginine analog Recombinant protein Synthetic peptide... 

Solutions of many proteins, synthetic polypeptides, and nucleic acids show large increases in permittivity c (u>) over that of solvent, normally aqueous, at sufficiently low frequencies f = w/2ir of steady state AC measurements, but with dispersion and absorption processes which may lie anywhere from subaudio to megahertz frequencies. Although our interest here is primarily in counterion fluctuation effects as the origin of polarization of aqueous DNA solutions, we first summarize some relevant results of other models for biopolymers. 

The protein synthetic machinery must select the appropriate starting points for mRNA reading and peptide bond formation. AUG is usually used as the starting codon, and essentially all proteins begin with a methionine. AUG is also the codon for methionine that occurs in the interior of a protein as well, so there must be a mechanism to distinguish between the two types of methionine codons. 

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