Related Properties

3 Magnetoelectric and Charge Carrier Properties Magnetoresistance and Related Properties 

The strong peak in the dynamic resistance dU/dl(U) observed in the point-contact spectroscopy of Tmo.esSe (see p. 370) at 1.7 K disappears with increasing magnetic field. It turns into a relative minimum for H 15kOe, Frankowski, Wachter [10, 11, 12], Wachter [13]. 

The resistance minimum in the symmetric electron tunneling spectrum of nearly stoichiometric TmSe below Tn near 1.4 meV (see p. 371) disappears in a field Hj = 6.6kOe. The 

The real and imaginary part of the off-diagonal conductivity tensor element Xxy = xiy-i- ix y of intermediate valent TmSe is derived from magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements (see p. 378) between 0.5 and 5.5 eV (field B = 4T) and from reflectivity measurements from 0.03 to 12 eV. The spectrum for the 0 to 5 eV region at 2 Kand B = 4T is presented in the paper. It is completely different from the spectrum of semiconducting TmTeo.68Seo.32 and resembles the spectrum of integer valent TmS, Schoenes etal. [15]. 

---

Pitzer K S 1995 Ionic fluids near-critical and related properties J. Phys. Chem. 99 13 070... 

The take-home lesson is that the vast majority of high-pressure studies are on solids or other rigid media and are not done under hydrostatic conditions. The stresses and stress-related properties may vary throughout the sample. Unless the probes are very local and focus on a small region of the sample, measurements are averages over a range of, often uncharacterized, conditions. 

These new quantities allow us to directly relate properties of tire media to E and H. In essence tliey afford us tire opportunity to quantify tire field-matter interaction. The media response to tire fields is described generally in tenns of tire polarization, P and tire magnetization, M. (We note tliat in free space P and M=Q and we recover equation (C2.15.1 ), equation (C2.15.2 ), equation (C2.15.3 ) and equation (C2.15.4 ) above.)... 

The data in Table 7.1 show that, as expected, density, ionic radius, and atomic radius increase with increasing atomic number. However, we should also note the marked differences in m.p. and liquid range of boron compared with the other Group III elements here we have the first indication of the very large difference in properties between boron and the other elements in the group. Boron is in fact a non-metal, whilst the remaining elements are metals with closely related properties. 

Osmotic pressure is one of four closely related properties of solutions that are collectively known as colligative properties. In all four, a difference in the behavior of the solution and the pure solvent is related to the thermodynamic activity of the solvent in the solution. In ideal solutions the activity equals the mole fraction, and the mole fractions of the solvent (subscript 1) and the solute (subscript 2) add up to unity in two-component systems. Therefore the colligative properties can easily be related to the mole fraction of the solute in an ideal solution. The following review of the other three colligative properties indicates the similarity which underlies the analysis of all the colligative properties ... 

Hardness. The hardness (qv), or related property abrasiveness, is an important filler property. Hardness is determined by comparison to materials of known hardness on the Mohs scale. On this nonlinear scale, diamond is rated 10, quartz 7, calcite 3, and talc 1. The abrasiveness of a filler is also dependent on psd and the presence of impurities, eg, ka olin clay (Mohs hardness of 3) can be quite abrasive because of the presence of quartz impurities. 

Many countries have adopted chemical substance iaventories ia order to monitor use and evaluate exposure potential and consequences. In the case of essential oils used in many fragrance appHcations, these oils must be on many of these Hsts. New essential oils used in fragrances are subject to premanufactuting or premarketing notification (PMN). PMN requirements vary by country and predicted volume of production. They require assessment of environmental and human health-related properties, and reporting results to designated governmental authorities. 

Pigments and Extenders. Pigments are selected for use in house paints based on thek appearance and performance quaUties. Appearance includes color and opacifying abiUty. Performance quaUties include ultraviolet light resistance, fade resistance, exterior weatherabiUty, chemical resistance, as well as particle size and shape. Toxicity profiles and safety and health related properties are also important criteria in pigment selection. 

User-Related Properties. The most important element in the player s contact with the surface is traction. Shoe traction for light-duty consumer purposes need address only provision of reasonable footing. The frictional characteristics are obviously of much greater importance in surfaces designed for athletic use. For specialized surfaces such as a track, shoe traction is especially critical. With grass-like surfaces, traction is significantly affected by pile density and height, and other aspects of fabric constmction. 

Game-Related Properties. Eot some activities, such as miming and wrestdng, the only consideration is the direct impact by the player. Eot others, eg, tennis, baseball, or soccer, the system must also provide acceptable bad-to-surface contact properties. Important bad-response properties on the artificial surface ate coefficients of restitution and friction, because these direedy determine the angle, speed, and spin of the bad. 

Although derived for a reversible process, equation 46 relates properties only, irrespective of the process, and therefore apphes to any change in the equiUbtium state of a homogeneous, closed, nonreacting system. 

A related property is the viscosity of coal ash. Ash viscosity affects the rate at which ash deposits may flow from the walls, and thus the requirements for ash removal equipment such as wall blowers and soot blowers. The preferred coal ash has a narrow temperature range through which it passes the plastic range, ca 25, 000-1,000, 000 mPa-s (=cP) (62). 

Perhaps the most significant of the partial molar properties, because of its appHcation to equiHbrium thermodynamics, is the chemical potential, ]1. This fundamental property, and related properties such as fugacity and activity, are essential to mathematical solutions of phase equihbrium problems. The natural logarithm of the Hquid-phase activity coefficient, Iny, is also defined as a partial molar quantity. For Hquid mixtures, the activity coefficient, y, describes nonideal Hquid-phase behavior. 

Mathematical Consistency Requirements. Theoretical equations provide a method by which a data set s internal consistency can be tested or missing data can be derived from known values of related properties. The abiUty of data to fit a proven model may also provide insight into whether that data behaves correctiy and follows expected trends. For example, poor fit of vapor pressure versus temperature data to a generally accepted correlating equation could indicate systematic data error or bias. A simple sermlogarithmic form, (eg, the Antoine equation, eq. 8), has been shown to apply to most organic Hquids, so substantial deviation from this model might indicate a problem. Many other simple thermodynamics relations can provide useful data tests (1—5,18,21). 

Table 3. Typical Gasoline-Related Properties for Ethers Used in Gasoline ...

Although derived for a reversible process, this equation relates properties only and is valid for any change between equilibrium states in a closed system. It may equally well be written... 

From the standpoint of collector design and performance, the most important size-related property of a dust particfe is its dynamic behavior. Particles larger than 100 [Lm are readily collectible by simple inertial or gravitational methods. For particles under 100 Im, the range of principal difficulty in dust collection, the resistance to motion in a gas is viscous (see Sec. 6, Thud and Particle Mechanics ), and for such particles, the most useful size specification is commonly the Stokes settling diameter, which is the diameter of the spherical particle of the same density that has the same terminal velocity in viscous flow as the particle in question. It is yet more convenient in many circumstances to use the aerodynamic diameter, which is the diameter of the particle of unit density (1 g/cm ) that has the same terminal settling velocity. Use of the aerodynamic diameter permits direct comparisons of the dynamic behavior of particles that are actually of different sizes, shapes, and densities [Raabe, J. Air Pollut. Control As.soc., 26, 856 (1976)]. 

Gooding provides ways to estimate these two important safety-related properties. The methods make use of the following observed rules ... 

Simmons, J.H.W., Radiation Damage in Graphite, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965. Kelly, B.T. and Burchell, T.D., Structure-related property changes in polycrystallinc graphite under neutron irradiation, Carbon, 1994, 32, 499 505. 

Fire Protection Association (1977a) Fire and Related Properties of Industrial Chemicals, London. 

Of particular importance to carbon nanotube physics are the many possible symmetries or geometries that can be realized on a cylindrical surface in carbon nanotubes without the introduction of strain. For ID systems on a cylindrical surface, translational symmetry with a screw axis could affect the electronic structure and related properties. The exotic electronic properties of ID carbon nanotubes are seen to arise predominately from intralayer interactions, rather than from interlayer interactions between multilayers within a single carbon nanotube or between two different nanotubes. Since the symmetry of a single nanotube is essential for understanding the basic physics of carbon nanotubes, most of this article focuses on the symmetry properties of single layer nanotubes, with a brief discussion also provided for two-layer nanotubes and an ordered array of similar nanotubes. 

Electronic structure methods use the laws of quantum mechanics rather than classical physics as the basis for their computations. Quantum mechanics states that the energy and other related properties of a molecule may be obtained by solving the Schrodinger equation ... 

The theory of atoms in molecules of R. F. W. Bader and coworkers provides another, more sophisticated approach to atomic charges and related properties. Jerzy CiosJowski has drawn on and extended this theory, and he is responsible for the AIM faciJityin Gaussian. 

---