Thermal energy properties related

For the discrete bubble model described in Section V.C, future work will be focused on implementation of closure equations in the force balance, like empirical relations for bubble-rise velocities and the interaction between bubbles. Clearly, a more refined model for the bubble-bubble interaction, including coalescence and breakup, is required along with a more realistic description of the rheology of fluidized suspensions. Finally, the adapted model should be augmented with a thermal energy balance, and associated closures for the thermophysical properties, to study heat transport in large-scale fluidized beds, such as FCC-regenerators and PE and PP gas-phase polymerization reactors. 

The word thermodynamics implies a relationship between thermal properties, such as temperature, and the dynamic properties described by classic mechanics. Therefore, we shall consider next the dynamic concepts of work and energy and relate them to the properties of thermodynamic systems. 

Kilian 91 has also used calorimetric determination of mechanical and thermal energy exchange in isothermal simple elongation for various polymer networks 24) and demonstrated that it can be described by relations which define thermomechanical properties of van der Waals networks (Fig. 4). 

The current method of determining the energy properties of polyurethane is the Dynamic Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (DTMA). This instrument applies a cyclic stress/strain to a sample of polyurethane in a tension, compression, or twisting mode. The frequency of application can be adjusted. The sample is maintained in a temperature-controlled environment. The temperature is ramped up over the desired temperature range. The storage modulus of the polyurethane can be determined over the whole range of temperatures. Another important property closely related to the resilience, namely tan delta (8), can also be obtained. Tan (8) is defined in the simplest terms as the viscous modulus divided by the elastic modulus. 

Thermal systems can be completely described using balance equations for mass, energy, and entropy in conjunction with thermophysical property relations and/or equations of state, equipment performance characteristics, thermokinetic or rate equations, and boundary/initial conditions. With the thermal system adequately described, it can be optimized by any current technique. Although the approach presented in this paper is not explicit in Second Law terms, it never-the-less will yield the optimal design and with the appropriate transformations, will yield any desired Second Law quantity. 

Q.9.14 For tlie following properties of a system related to thermal energy identify which are intensive and which are extensive. 

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