Internal consistency

The values of external specific surface /C(ext) calculated from the slopes of the parallel branches of the o(,-plots are in close agreement (cf. Table 4.8, column 4) and the whole picture is therefore internally consistent the four isotherms represent different degrees of filling of the micropores with nonane, leaving the external surface unaffected. 

Samples that contain suspended matter are among the most difficult types from which to obtain accurate pH readings because of the so-called suspension effect, ie, the suspended particles produce abnormal Hquid-junction potentials at the reference electrode (16). This effect is especially noticeable with soil slurries, pastes, and other types of colloidal suspensions. In the case of a slurry that separates into two layers, pH differences of several units may result, depending on the placement of the electrodes in the layers. Internal consistency is achieved by pH measurement using carefully prescribed measurement protocols, as has been used in the determination of soil pH (17). 

Mathematical Consistency Requirements. Theoretical equations provide a method by which a data set s internal consistency can be tested or missing data can be derived from known values of related properties. The abiUty of data to fit a proven model may also provide insight into whether that data behaves correctiy and follows expected trends. For example, poor fit of vapor pressure versus temperature data to a generally accepted correlating equation could indicate systematic data error or bias. A simple sermlogarithmic form, (eg, the Antoine equation, eq. 8), has been shown to apply to most organic Hquids, so substantial deviation from this model might indicate a problem. Many other simple thermodynamics relations can provide useful data tests (1—5,18,21). 

It shoiild be noted that thronghont this section the snbscripts 1 and 2 refer to the bottom and to the top of the apparatns respectively regardless of whether it is an absorber or a stripper. This has been done to maintain internal consistency among all the eqnations and to prevent the confnsion created in some derivations in which the nnm-bering system for an absorber is different from the nnmbering system for a stripper. 

Analysts should not rely on databases developed by others unless citations and regression resiilts are available. Many improper conclusions have been drawn when analysts have relied upon the databases supplied with commercial simulators. While they may be accurate in the temperature, pressure, or composition range upon which they were developed, there is no guarantee that they are accurate for the unit conditions in question. Pure component and mixture correlations should be developed for the conditions experienced in the plant. The set of database parameters must be internally consistent (e.g., mixture-phase equilibria parameters based on the pure-component vapor pressures that will be used in the analysis). This ensures a consistent set of database parameters. 

There exists, however, a second, approximate, way of estimating A on the basis of galvanostatic rate transients as outlined in section 5.2 and shown in Figure 5.6a. This approximate method is useful for gaining additional physical insight on the meaning of the faradaic efficiency A and for checking the internal consistency of experimental data with the ion backspillover mechanism. 

The values of and can be estimated from their internal consistency to be accurate to about 0.1 v.e., the value of 1.71 v.e. for the resonance energy being accurate to about 0.15 v.e. The quantum mechanical discussion of resonance in benzene and naphthalene is given in the preceding paper.1... 

The reader may wish to check these results against the reaction stoichiometry for internal consistency. The results are certainly as good as warranted by the two-place precision of the analytical results. 

Our renormalization procedure is internally consistent in that the physical value of the tunneling amplitude depends on the scaling variable—the bare coupling Aq—only logarithmically. This bare coupling must scale with the only quantum scale in the problem—the Debye frequency, as pointed out in the first section. 

The precision stated in Table 10 is given by the standard deviations obtained from a statistical analysis of the experimental data of one run and of a number of runs. These parameters give an indication of the internal consistency of the data of one run of measurements and of the reproducibility between runs. The systematic error is far more difficult to discern and to evaluate, which causes an uncertainty in the resulting values. Such an estimate of systematic errors or uncertainties can be obtained if the measuring method can also be applied under circumstances where a more exact or a true value of the property to be determined is known from other sources. 

In addition to the above, one should also look for internal consistency of the derived... 

Averaging of symmetry-equivalent and multiply measured reflections was performed using AVSORT [8]. Fifteen ooe and eeo reflections were considered unobserved (/ < o) and the remaining data set consists of 128 unique reflections with an internal consistency R. , (F2) = 0.0064. 

A second data set (CU97, 1535 reflections of all parities, 0 < (sin )/ 1.3 h, k, l > 0 and h, k, l < 0) was recorded in continuous scan mode (i.e. the detector was read out during the co -moves). This scan mode accelerated the data acquisition and enhanced the accuracy of the derived integral intensities. Averaging of these data yielded 120 reflections with an internal consistency RJ[F2) = 0.0038. 

In this way a system can be built which is internally consistent, reliable and relatively easy to use, maintain and expand The designers (and EPA) chose the second route. 

It might seem, if the knowledge base contains all the rules that are needed to reason about some topic and these rules are internally consistent, that conflicts could not arise, but conflicts can appear as readily within an expert system as they can in the laboratory. For example, consider the two instructions ... 

Relaxation Free Energy and Internal Consistency of the Model... 

The halo globular cluster system also provides valuable information, since accurate distances, and hence reliable ages, can be derived. Mackey Gilmore (2004) recently acquired and compiled a new, nearly complete, internally consistent set of photometric studies of the globular cluster population in both the Milky Way and its satellite galaxies they deduce, from analysis of HB morphol-ogy, age, abundance and structural information, somewhat more relaxed limits... 

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