Collector Design

If condensation requires gas stream cooling of more than 40—50°C, the rate of heat transfer may appreciably exceed the rate of mass transfer and a condensate fog may form. Fog seldom occurs in direct-contact condensers because of the close proximity of the bulk of the gas to the cold-Hquid droplets. When fog formation is unavoidable, it may be removed with a high efficiency mist collector designed for 0.5—5-p.m droplets. Collectors using Brownian diffusion are usually quite economical. If atmospheric condensation and a visible plume are to be avoided, the condenser must cool the gas sufftciendy to preclude further condensation in the atmosphere. 

From the standpoint of collector design and performance, the most important size-related property of a dust particfe is its dynamic behavior. Particles larger than 100 [Lm are readily collectible by simple inertial or gravitational methods. For particles under 100 Im, the range of principal difficulty in dust collection, the resistance to motion in a gas is viscous (see Sec. 6, Thud and Particle Mechanics ), and for such particles, the most useful size specification is commonly the Stokes settling diameter, which is the diameter of the spherical particle of the same density that has the same terminal velocity in viscous flow as the particle in question. It is yet more convenient in many circumstances to use the aerodynamic diameter, which is the diameter of the particle of unit density (1 g/cm ) that has the same terminal settling velocity. Use of the aerodynamic diameter permits direct comparisons of the dynamic behavior of particles that are actually of different sizes, shapes, and densities [Raabe, J. Air Pollut. Control As.soc., 26, 856 (1976)]. 

Measurements of the concentrations and characteristics of dust dispersed in air or other gases may be necessary (1) to determine the need for control measures, (2) to establish compliance with legal requirements, (3) to obtain information for collector design, and (4) to determine collec tor performance. 

This section presents an overview of collector design and materials, followed by a discussion of the three parts of a liquid management system the LCRS above the primary liner, the secondary leak detection, collection, and removal (LDCR) system between the primary and secondary liners, and the surface water collection system above the closure of the completed facility. The section concludes with a discussion of gas-collector and removal systems. 

Figure 6.7 Electric field versus distance profile for the punch-through collector design.

In Table 1, the consequences of requiring large areas for collection, the cost because of competition with currently available energy forms, materials specificity for performance, and durability (to reduce life-cycle costs) are summarized. These criteria dictate a multilayer stack collector design in which polycrystalline thin film(s) of the active material must be protected from a hostile terrestrial environment. 

High-Temperature Collector A solar thermal collector designed to operate at a temperature of 180 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. 

The best-developed method of solar electricity storage is to send it to an electrolyzer that splits water into Oz and H2. In this process, the 02 is released (used or sold), and the H2 is stored either as high-pressure gas or as a cryogenic liquid. This process will be described in the discussion of hydrogen processes after the forthcoming description of various solar collector designs in Section 1.5. 

Z+1 designates the number of states, i.e. Z perfectly mixed reactors in the flow system as well as the tracer collector designated by As shown later, the probabilities Si(0) may be replaced by the initial concentration of the fluid elements in each state, i.e. Cj(0) and S(0) will contain all initial concentrations of the fluid elements. The one-step transition probability matrix is given by Eqs.(2-16) and (2-20) whereas pjk represent the probability that a fluid element at Cj will change into Ck in one step, pjj represent the probability that a fluid element will remain unchanged in concentration within one step. 

In June of 1983, five different types of fog/cloud water collectors were compared under field conditions at Henninger Flats. Collectors designed by AeroVironment(AV), Caltech(CIT), the Desert Research Institute(DRI), Global Geochemistry(GGC), and the State University of New York(SUNY)-Albany were tested against one another. The mass and pH of the samples collected were measured on site while the detailed chemical analyses were performed by an independent laboratory, Rockwell International. Results of the intercomparison study, sponsored the the Coordinating Research Council, showed that the Caltech and DRI collectors performed the best over the broadest range of conditions At low liquid water content (i.e. LWC <... 

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