Exposure evaluation

Human exposure evaluation is used in describing the nature and size of the population exposed to a substance and the magnitude and duration of their exposure. The evaluation could concern past or current exposures, or exposure anticipated in the future. 

The evaluation of the actual exposure circumstances. The hazard evaluation and the exposure evaluation are then combined in a fourth component. 

Biological monitoring methods for pesticide exposure evaluation... 

Information on exposure levels is fundamental for the assessment and management of health risks related to occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides. Biological monitoring is a primary tool for exposure evaluation,... 

Major questions that arise whenever a pesticide exposure evaluation is completed are how good are the data and how close to the real answer have we gotten For most commercially sold insecticides, there are no appreciable pharmacokinetic data in human systems, although some data normally exist for animal models. Because such pharmacokinetic data do not exist for most active insecticides, passive dosimetry measurements must be used to estimate the exposure and eventually dose. Once such passive dosimetry data exist, certain assumptions must be made to arrive at an estimate of dose. 

EPA. 1990. Uptake of lead from formula and food by infants Reanalysis of the Ryu et al. data. Draft final report. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances. 

No studies have been conducted on the developmental toxicity of endrin aldehyde or endrin ketone in humans or animals by the inhalation, oral, or dermal route of exposure. Additional studies via the inhalation and dermal routes of exposure evaluating various dosages and in several species would be useful in assessing the potential for endrin aldehyde or endrin ketone to cause developmental effects. 

EPA. 1992c. Di-w-octylphthalate exposure report for delisting petition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Memorandum from Annett Nold, Exposure Assessment Branch, Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics to Ken Mitchell, Toxics Release Inventory Management Staff, Economics and Technology Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. September 21, 1992. 

Cone MV, Ferguson M, Powers CD, et al. 1986. National body-burden database chemicals identified in human biological media 1984. Washington, DC US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, Exposure Evaluation Division. EPA 560/5-84-003-Vol. 7-Pt.-2. 

Battelle and. Crump KS, and Co., Inc. 1986. Quantitative risk assessment for 1,4-dichlorobenzene prepared for Exposure Evaluation Division. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, under Contract No. 68-02-4246. 

Risk The probability of injury, disease, loss of function, or death for an individual or population exposed to a hazardous substance (risk = hazard x exposure) Evaluating the dose of lead or mercury that causes developmental effects in children... 

For this reason the present study also carried out measurements with one car (vehicle V-X) under traveling conditions with regard to an exposure evaluation of organophosphate esters immediately subsequent to the test stand investigations. For results see Table 7.3. In the test stand measurements at 65 °C individual cases of concentration values were obtained. As expected, however, the present measurements under traveling conditions have clearly revealed that after a few minutes no... 

Wensing, M., Pardemann, J. and Schwampe, W. (2003) Flame retardants in the indoor environment. Part V measurement and exposure evaluation of organophosphate esters from automobile interiors. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2003, Singapore, Vol. 1, pp. 172-7. 

The TVOC indicator is and has been widely misused. The indicator is not an official recommendation or guideline and no definitive conclusions should be made based on this indicator alone. It is a screening tool needed for exposure evaluation, source identification, and IAQ evaluation. However, as stated by the NORDVOC committee (Andersson et al., 1997) there is insufficient evidence to either accept or reject this hypothetical ad hoc tool. It finds some analogy in dB(A),... 

In the eighties and early nineties, the USEPA evaluated dietary risk with an analysis method known as the Dietary Risk Evaluation System (DRES) (USEPA, 1991), which was based on the USDA s 1977 to 1978 National Food Consumption Survey. Consequently, dietary exposure assessments became genetically referred to as DRES analyses. Currently, the USEPA is using the Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM , Version 7.87) (Exponent, 2000), which allows exposure to be calculated from 1994 to 1996 CSFII along with the 1998 supplemental children s survey information. 

Exponent (2000). Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM) [computer program]. Version 7.87. Washington, DC Novigen Sciences, Inc. 

The margins of safety indicated by the MOEs in Figures 31.1-31.3 are even greater when the exposure evaluation is expanded to include the following alternatives ... 

It is important that both the qualitative and quantitative characterization be clearly communicated to the risk manager. The qualitative characterization includes the quality of the database, along with strengths and weaknesses, for both health and exposure evaluations the relevance of the database to humans the assumptions and judgements that were made in the evaluation and the level of confidence in the overall characterization. The quantitative characterization also includes information on the range of effective exposure levels, dose-response estimates (including the uncertainty factors applied), and the population exposure estimates. Kimmel et al. (2006) reviewed many of the components of the risk characterization for reproductive and developmental effects and provided a comprehensive list of issues to be considered for each of the components of the risk assessment. 

Increasing the model complexity in this manner, however, may introduce new and additional uncertainties into the exposure evaluation. More model parts and parameters have to be specified, but data of sufficient quality may not be available. Thus, making the model more complex and realistic need not lead to a decrease in the overall uncertainty of the exposure assessment. ... 

Kluwe, W. M., Abdo, K. M., and Huff, 1. 1984. Chronic kidney disease and organic chemical exposures Evaluations of causal relationships in humans and experimental animals. Fundamental Applications in Toxicology A 889-901. 

USEPA (1995a). Guidance for Reporting PEIED Exposure Evaluations, PHED, Version... 

The Screening Consumer Inhalation Exposure Software (SCIES) has been developed by Versar, Inc. to assist the Exposure Evaluation Division of the Office of Toxic Substances of the USEPA (Versar, Inc., 1992). This is designed to perform screening-level assessments of potential dose rates resulting from inhalation of new and existing chemicals in consumer products. It has the following features ... 

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