Rail Cars

Acrylonitrile is transported by rail car, barge, and pipeline. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations require labeling acrylonitrile as a flammable Hquid and poison. Transport is regulated under DOT 49 CFR 172.101. Bill of lading description is Acrylonitrile, Flammable Liquid, Poison B, UN 1093 RQ. ... 

Anhydrous ammonia is moved worldwide ia specially designed vessels, barges, rail cars, and tmcks. AH modes are covered by rigid safety restrictions (8). Ships and barges usuaHy employ refrigeration or semirefrigeration to maintain the Hquid, while rail cars and tmcks normally depend only on pressure... 

Off-gases (top gas) leave the top of the furnace through uptake pipes, reverse direction ia the downcomer, and enter the dust catcher, ia which condensed water and dust are separated from the gases. The wet dust is emptied iato a rail car for transport to a siater plant for recycle or to a landfill. 

Molten maleic anhydride is shipped in tank rail cars, tank tmcks, and isotanks (for overseas shipments). Tank rail cars are typically constmcted of lined carbon steel and are insulated and equipped with steam coHs. Tank rail cars containing as much as 80 m (20,000 gal) are used. Tank tmcks are typically constmcted of stainless steel [12597-68-1/, insulated, and equipped with steam coHs. Tank tmcks containing up to 17 m (4500 gal) are used. Isotanks are typically constmcted of stainless steel and are insulated and equipped with steam coHs. Isotanks containing up to 17 m are used. 

Dry soHds, such as as-rnined ore, emshed ore, and dried concentrates, are transported using tmeks, rail cars, ore passes, conveyor belts (see Conveying), or slurry pipelines (qv) as dictated by the logistics, distances involved, and capacity. Within the mill, conveyor belts are more common, but for fine particles, tailings, and coal, slurry transportation is more typical. 

Liquid polyalurninum chloride is acidic and corrosive to common metals. Suitable materials for constmction of storage and handling facilities include synthetic mbber-lined steel, corrosion resistant fiber glass reinforced plastics (FRP), ceramics, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE), poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (PVDF), polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVG). Suitable shipping containers include mbber-lined tank tmcks and rail cars for bulk shipment and plastic-lined or aH-plastic dmms and tote bins for smaller quantities. Except for aluminum chlorohydrates, PAG products are shipped as hazardous substances because of their acidity. 

Shipment Methods and Packaging. Pyridine (1) and pyridine compounds can be shipped in bulk containers such as tank cars, rail cars, and super-sacks, or in smaller containers like fiber or steel dmms. The appropriate U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requirements for labeling are given in Table 4. Certain temperature-sensitive pyridines, such as 2-vinylpyridine (23) and 4-vinylpyridine are shipped cold (<—10°C) to inhibit polymerisation. Piperidine (18) and certain piperidine salts are regulated within the United States by the Dmg Enforcement Agency (DEA) (77). Pyridines subject to facile oxidation, like those containing aldehyde and carbinol functionaUty, can be shipped under an inert atmosphere. 

NaHS, marketed as 71.5—74.5 wt % flakes and 43—60 wt % Hquor ia the high purity grades, is also available as 10—40 wt % Hquor from the oil refining desulfurization process. NaHS is sold commercially ia 22.7-kg bags, 181.4-kg dmms, ia tank tmcks, and ia rail cars. 

Railroads generally do not supply tank cars and other special-purpose rail cars such as covered hopper cars for the movement of bulk plastic materials. Rather, shippers or receivers must furnish such equipment, usually through a purchase or lease arrangement with car manufacturers or lessors. 

Car manufacturers and intermediaries offer various forms of rail-car leases, ranging from short-term, full-maintenance rentals to long-term leases requiring outside financing (3). Many chemical shippers have substantial investments or lease commitments in tank cars and similar rail equipment, including cars constmcted of or lined with special materials for particular products. Other cars may be thermally insulated to prevent excessive heat buildup in transit or for protection against fire. 

The second Hquefaction process is carried out at temperatures from 261 to 296 K, with Hquefaction pressures of about 1600—2400 kPa (16—24 atm). The compressed gas is precooled to 277 to 300 K, water and entrained oil are separated, and the gas is then dehydrated ia an activated alumina, bauxite, or siHca gel drier, and flows to a refrigerant-cooled condenser (see Drying agents). The Hquid is then distilled ia a stripper column to remove noncombustible impurities. Liquid carbon dioxide is stored and transported at ambient temperature ia cylinders containing up to 22.7 kg. Larger quantities are stored ia refrigerated iasulated tanks maintained at 255 K and 2070 kPa (20 atm), and transported ia iasulated tank tmcks and tank rail cars. 

Although Hquid carboa dioxide may be stored without loss ia tanks and cylinders, dry ice undergoes continuous loss ia storage because of sublimatioa. This loss can be minimised by keeping the dry ice ia iasulated boxes or bias. Special iasulated rail cars and tmcks are used for hauling dry-ice blocks. Most plants produce the material at the time it is sold to avoid storage losses and rehandling costs. 

Chloroformates are shipped in nonretumable 208-L (55-gal) polyethylene dmms with carbon steel overpacks or high density polyethylene dmms. Eor bulk shipments, insulated stainless-steel tank containers and tmcks provide secure protection. Tank tmck and rail car quantities are shipped using equipment dedicated for these types of products. Materials such as isopropyl chloroformate, benzyl chloroformate, and j -butyl chloroformate that require refrigeration are precooled when shipped in bulk containers. Bulk shipments that are precooled must proceed to the destination without layover. Dmm shipments of IPCE, BCE, and SBCE must be shipped in refrigerated containers. Many of the chloroformates are only shipped in tmck load shipments. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations control the shipments of chloroformates, as described in Table 3. 

Stabili2ed 1,1,1-dichloroethane is stable to normal shipping conditions, and has been shipped in metal and lined dmms, tank tmcks, rail cars, barges, and ships. Care must be taken that the container is free from previously contained material because of the high solvency of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Shipping containers should also be dry. 

Statistical quality control is used to first measure and then continuously improve product quality. For example, The Dow Chemical Company s average 1989 performance compared to the typical sales specification were purity, = 99.65 wt % color, APHA = 4 acid (as HCl) = 7.3 ppm and water = 26 ppm. Averages of properties were based on rail car and tank tmck shipment samples during 1989. 

Liquid citric acid is commercially available in a variety of concentrations with 50% w/w being most common. Grades are available that vary in appearance, purity, and color. Packaging is usually in dmms, tank tmcks, or rail cars. Liquid citric acid should be kept above 0°C to prevent crystallization. 

For shipment in cold climates, a freezeproofing treatment using inorganic chemicals or oil spray is used. An oil spray on the inside of the coal cars is also effective at 3.8—5.7 L/car for four round trips of 1280 km each. Oil treatment has also been used for dustproofing wind loss can be prevented by use of an asphalt emulsion on the top of rail cars (6). 

Railroad Transport Renewed interest is developing in the use of railroads for hauling sohd wastes, especially in heavily populated areas where landfill space is scarce and tipping fees are high. Containerized waste on piggyback rail cars are used. Fiill-size bulk material cars are also used for shipping solid wastes. 

Are there rail car facilities and do they have spill containment systems ... 

The negative system usually sucks on a cyclone and/or filter/receiver mounted above the receiving storage hopper or bin. Solids are usually sent down to the hopper with a rotary air lock feeder. Air is sucked into the transfer pipe or duct at the pickup end of the sy.stem. A variety of feeders can be used to introduce solids into the flowing air stream such as rotary air lock feeders, pan-type manifolds under rail car hoppers, paddle-type rail car unloaders, screw conveyors, etc. 

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