Stainless steel tanks

As for storage tanks, stainless steel and lacquer-lined mild steel are suitable materials of constmction for pipe lines. For pumps, valves, etc, various alloys are suitable, including phosphor bronze, gun metal. Monel, stainless steel, and certain nickel steel alloys. Alloys with high proportions of ziac and tin together with copper and aluminum are not recommended. 

D-201 D-202 2 Additive Mixing Tank, stainless steel clad, 70 gal. 

Being very clean and pure minimizes the materials compatibility concerns for LNG. However, LNG presents a new materials compatibility concern operation at cryogenic temperatures.3 For LNG fuel tanks, stainless steel is the preferred material and instances of materials compatibility problems are rare. Aluminum also has been used as a tank material without materials compatibility problems. Carbon steels are not used since their performance at low temperatures is questionable, i.e., they become susceptible to brittle fractures. While tanks are usually made from stainless steel or aluminum, LNG fittings may use some nickel alloys, brass, and copper, in addition to stainless steel and aluminum. 

Most companies that use merchant-grade phosphoric acid (0-54-0) for suspensions use a batch ammonia-tion process for the production of base suspensions or NPK mixtures. They neutralize the add with anhydrous ammonia and add dry potash [51. A sketch of a typical batch plant that uses phosphoric acid and ammonia is shown in Figure 10.13. This process indudes a stainless-steel (type 316) mix tank, stainless-steel recirculation pump, and a wooden evaporative cooler. 

Storage tanks Stainless steel 300 series Aluminum 6061 Mild steel (low pressure) Monel Stainless steel 300 series Aluminum 6061... 

Materii of Construction. Stretford plant vessels are constructed primarily of carbon steel, with inert linings (for example, cold-cured epoxy resins) for the oxidizer and the sulfur slurry tanks. Stainless steel impellers are recommended for circulating pumps wetted by Stretford liquor and sulfur slurry pumps. Care should be taken to avoid sulfur deposits on unprotected metal faces (Sundstrdm, 1979 Edwards, 1979). Piping is usually carbon steel, with the exception of the absorber inlet and outlet gas lines, which are fabricated of 316 stainless steel or fiberglass. Corrosion studies of Stretford plants were performed by Wessels (1980) and Hanck et al. (1981). 

Maturation regimes vary from as tittle change as possible in many white and pink wines (stainless steel tanks, cool storage, minimum time) to considerable modification in red table and a few white table wines. Fermentation and storage in fairly new 200-L barrels for about 6 mo is not uncommon for Chardoimay and white Burgundy wines. Many robust red table wines such as those from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are often stored similarly, after fermentation and initial clarification, for up to about 3 yr in such barrels. 

Shipment, Storage, and Price. Butynediol, 35% solution, is available in tank cars, tank trailers, and dmms. Stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, glass, and various plastic and epoxy or phenoHc liners have ak been found satisfactory. Rubber hose is suitable for transferring. The solution is nonflammable and freezes at about —5°C. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. Tank cars and tank trailers, selected to prevent color formation, are of aluminum or stainless steel, or lined with epoxy or phenoHc resins dmms are lined with phenoHc resins. Flexible stainless steel hose is used for transfer. Because of butanediol s high freezing point (about 20°C) tank car coil heaters are provided. The U.S. Hst price for bulk quantities in 1991 was about 2.18/kg, but heavy discounting was prevalent for large contracts. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. Butyrolactone is shipped in unlined steel tank cars and plain steel dmms. Plain steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and nickel are suitable for storage and handling mbber, phenoHcs, and epoxy resins are not suitable. Butyrolactone is hygroscopic and should be protected from moisture. Because of its low free2ing point (—44° C), no provision for heating storage vessels is needed. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrices. Methyl vinyl ether is available in tank cars or cylinders, while the other vinyl ethers are available in tank cars, tank wagons, or dmms. Mild steel, stainless steel, and phenoHc-coated steel are suitable for shipment and storage. If protected from air, moisture, and acidic contamination, vinyl ethers are stable for years. United States bulk prices in 1991 for methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, and butyl vinyl ether were listed as about 5.78/kg, 6.28/kg, and 6.08/kg, respectively. 

Materials of Construction Suitable materials of constmction are steel, stainless steel, and aluminum 3003. Galvanized steel should not be used. Plastic tanks and lines are not recommended. 

Monomer emulsions ate prepared in separate stainless steel emulsification tanks that are usually equipped with a turbine agitator, manometer level gage, cooling cods, a sprayer inert gas, temperature recorder, mpture disk, flame arrester, and various nossles for charging the ingredients. Monomer emulsions are commonly fed continuously to the reactor throughout the polymerisation. 

Most manufacturing equipment should be made of stainless steel. The liming tanks, however, can be either concrete or wood (qv). Properly lined iron tanks are often used for the washing and acidification, ie, souring, operations. Most gelatin plants achieve efficient processes by operating around the clock. The product is tested in batches and again as blends to confirm conformance to customer specifications. 

Storage. For receiving glycerol from standard 30.3-m (8000-gal) tank cars (36.3-t), a storage tank of 38—45-m ((10-12) x 10 — gal) capacity should be employed. Preferably it should be of stainless steel (304 or 316), of stainless- or nickel-clad steel, or of aluminum. Certain resin linings such as Lithcote have also been used. Glycerol does not seriously corrode steel tanks at room temperature but gradually absorbed moisture may have an effect. Therefore, tanks should be sealed with an air-breather trap. 

Handling Temperatures. Optimum temperature for pumping is in 37—48°C range. Piping should be stainless steel, aluminum, or galvanized iron. Valves and pumps should be bronze, cast-iron with bronze trim, or stainless steel. A pump of 3.15-L/s (50-gal/min) capacity unloads a tank car of warm glycerol in ca 4 h. 

The reactor effluent, containing 1—2% hydrazine, ammonia, sodium chloride, and water, is preheated and sent to the ammonia recovery system, which consists of two columns. In the first column, ammonia goes overhead under pressure and recycles to the anhydrous ammonia storage tank. In the second column, some water and final traces of ammonia are removed overhead. The bottoms from this column, consisting of water, sodium chloride, and hydrazine, are sent to an evaporating crystallizer where sodium chloride (and the slight excess of sodium hydroxide) is removed from the system as a soHd. Vapors from the crystallizer flow to the hydrate column where water is removed overhead. The bottom stream from this column is close to the hydrazine—water azeotrope composition. Standard materials of constmction may be used for handling chlorine, caustic, and sodium hypochlorite. For all surfaces in contact with hydrazine, however, the preferred material of constmction is 304 L stainless steel. 

The aqueous grades of hydrazine are packaged in 208-L (55-gal) plastic or lined steel dmms, 1304-L (345-gal) stainless steel returnable tote tanks and... 

Concentrations over 8 wt % are classified as corrosive Hquids by the Department of Transportation (DOT). The Bureau of Explosives regulation (132) classifies all solutions containing 20 wt % and greater as oxidizers and corrosives. The product containers must have identifying labels (dmms) or placards (tank cars, tank trailers) indicating that the contents are an oxidizer and corrosive material, UN 2014 or UN 2015. Bills of lading must also be so identified. Tank cars and tank trailers are constmcted from high purity aluminum or 300 series stainless steel. 

MAA and EAA are stable Hquids, and are shipped in nonretumable 208-L (55-gal) polyethylene-lined dmms. For bulk shipments, insulated stainless steel tank containers and tmcks provide secure protection. 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate is a Hquid stabili2ed with radical inhibitors such as BHT [128-37-0] and has a shelf life of approximately three months. Shipment is in 60- or 208-L polyethylene-lined dmms. Acetoacetaryhdes are nicely crystalline, stable soHds and are shipped in 208-L dmms with polyethylene liners. 

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