Cold climate

Since efficient composting invafiably involves self-heating as biodegradation proceeds, this also offers an option for extending the bioremediation season into the winter months in cold climates. A potential drawback of composting is that it usually increases the volume of contaminated material, but if fully successful the finished compost can be returned to the site as a positive contribution to soil quaUty. 

Vehicle testing is the best way to determine low temperature requirements. These tests can be carried out in environmentally controlled facilities under strictly defined conditions or in actual use. Many companies and industry groups carry out customer tests in cold climates such as northern Canada or Finland. 

Olefin oligomers are used widely as automotive lubricants. They often are combiaed with some of the organic esters as base fluids ia engine oils, gear oils, and hydrauHc fluids, eg, for equipment intended for operation ia extremely cold climates, and for premium oils, eg, for the service station market ia temperate climates. 

The fluoroelastomers possess good mbber properties with the added advantages of being nonburning, hydrophobic, and solvent- and fuel-resistant. In addition to these, because of flexibiHty down to about —60° C, these polymers have been used in seals, gaskets, and hoses in army tanks, in aviation fuel lines and tanks, as well as in cold-climate oil pipeline appHcations. These polymers have also found appHcation in various types of shock mounts for vibration dampening (14,17). 

Low Temperature Brittleness. Brittleness temperature is the temperature at which polyethylene becomes sufficiently brittle to break when subjected to a sudden blow. Because some polyethylene end products are used under particularly cold climates, they must be made of a polymer that has good impact resistance at low temperatures namely, polymers with high viscosity, lower density, and narrow molecular weight distribution. ASTM D746 is used for this test. 

Sheet Drying. At a water content of ca 1.2—1.9 parts of water per part of fiber, additional water removal by mechanical means is not feasible and evaporative drying must be employed. This is at best an efficient but cosdy process and often is the production botdeneck of papermaking. The dryer section most commonly consists of a series of steam-heated cylinders. Alternate sides of the wet paper are exposed to the hot surface as the sheet passes from cylinder to cylinder. In most cases, except for heavy board, the sheet is held closely against the surface of the dryers by fabrics of carefuUy controUed permeabiHty to steam and air. Heat is transferred from the hot cylinder to the wet sheet, and water evaporates. The water vapor is removed by way of elaborate air systems. Most dryer sections are covered with hoods for coUection and handling of the air, and heat recovery is practiced in cold climates. The final moisture content of the dry sheet usually is 4—10 wt %. 

SBS membrane systems are generally installed in hot asphalt but can be installed using a torch like APP products or in some cold apphcation cement systems. Like APP systems, they are generally installed in multiple layers. The undedayment layers are generally standard BUR felts or basesheets. SBS membrane sheets can also be formulated to be self-adhering. These products are no longer used in membrane appHcations but are used as ice and water dam matedals on the eaves under shingle roofs in cold climates. 

For shipment in cold climates, a freezeproofing treatment using inorganic chemicals or oil spray is used. An oil spray on the inside of the coal cars is also effective at 3.8—5.7 L/car for four round trips of 1280 km each. Oil treatment has also been used for dustproofing wind loss can be prevented by use of an asphalt emulsion on the top of rail cars (6). 

QUENCH LIQUID SELECTION The choice of the appropriate quench liquid depends on a number of fac tors. Water is usually the first quench hquid to consider, since it is nontoxic, nonflammable, compatible with many effluent vapors, and has excellent thermal properties. If water is selected as the quench liquid, the tank should oe located indoors, if possible, to avoid freezing problems. If the tank has to be located outdoors in a cold climate, the addition of antifreeze is preferable to heat-tracing the tank, since overheating the tank can occur from tracing, thus reducing its effectiveness. 

Room temperature is considered to be around 40 5°C. In winter or for cold climates, where the room temperature may be less than this, suitable heating arrangements must be provided to obtain the desired results. 

Mechanical soundness Such as strength to carry the weight of conductor and the stresses so caused, pressure of v ind and, iti extremely cold climates, the weight of ice. 

In cold climates, many homes and businesses use double and triple pane tows. The air pocket between double and triple pane windows serves to insulate so that heat is not lost through the windows. Likewise, air bubbles in oil prevent the heat from escaping. 

Easily adaptable for warm air recirculation for cold climates. 

DGA is preferred for cold climates and high (50-70wt%) solution strength for economy. By comparison, solution strength for MEA is 15-25 wt%, and for DEA, 25-35 wt%.- Provide good filtration for DGA because it has a greater affinity for heavy hydrocarbons than other amines. The feed gas must have at least 1% acid gas... 

Strongin, A.S, and M. V. Nikulin. 1994. Reduction of the energy consumption in air curtains. In Proceedings of the Cold Climate HVAC 94 Conference. Rovaniemi. 

Extensiv e freezing protection is required for the whole scrubber system in cold climates. 

For installations in cold climates, as well as applications in which prod-net freezing, polymerization, or crystallization is a concern, the flame arrester and piping shonld be insnlated and, and where reqnired, heat... 

The metabolic rate is increased by several hormones including thyi oid hormone, adrenalin and male sex hormones. The increase in metabolic rate caused by male sex hormones explains why males have slightly higher average metabolic rates than females of the same size and age. Living in a cold climate increases the metabolic rate because the cold stimulates thyroid hormone production and this hormone increases heat output of the body, while living in a warm climate causes the metabolic rate to decrease. 

Pipes buried in the structural slab. These are connected to delivery and return headers, and glycol circulated. This is heated by waste heat from the refrigeration plant. Steel pipe should not be used under the floor unless protected against corrosion. Air vent pipes to allow a current of ambient air through the ground under the base slab. This is not very suitable in cold climates. 

Cold flow improvers (pour point depressants) These viscosity improvers are often specified in cold climates for unheated gas oil or where existing residual oil heaters are inadequate. The use of these paraffin crystal modifiers permits fuel to continue to flow at temperatures of 30 to 40 °F lower than the point at which wax crystallization would normally occur. 

In cold climates, metallic tin (solid 11) slowly changes to solid 1. (Solid phase transitions are often slow.) The change from a shiny metallic surface to a brittle and llaky grey surface is known as tin disease. 

Dead vegetation also afreets the global carbon cycle. Dead organic matter decomposes, releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Rates of decomposition vary with material, location, and climate. Non-woody organic matter decomposes rapidly woody organic matter slowly. Decomposition tends to occur faster at the soil surface than below. Decomposition is relatively fast in warm moist climates. In cold climates and in wetlands, decomposition is so slow that there is a net increase of stored carbon in the soil and organic soils called, "histosols, are formed. 

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