Hopper car

Hopeite Hopper cars Hops Horderns Horehound Hormocel Hormonal steroids... 

Adipic acid is shipped in quantities ranging from 22.7 kg (50-lb bags) to 90.9 t (200,000-lb hopper cars). Upon long standing, the soHd material tends to cake, dependent on such factors as initial particle size and moisture content. Shipping data in the United States are "Adipic Acid," DOT-ID ALT 9077, DOT Hazard Class ORM-E. It is regulated only in packages of 2.3 t (5,000 lb) or more (hopper cars and pressure-differential cars and tmcks) (157). 

Although each production process yields ash that is essentially chemically equivalent, the various products differ ia physical properties and ia contaminants as shown ia Table 6. Hopper cars, pneumatic tmcks, supersacks, and multiwaH kraft bags with polyethylene liners are the usual shipping containers. 

Packaging. Most LDPE is packaged in railway hopper cars of 63.5 t capacity, although tmcks of 20 t capacity are also used. Conversely, smaller quantities are packaged either in 500-kg boxes or in 25-kg paper or polyethylene bags. 

Large quantities of pelletized HDPE are shipped by rail in hopper cars with a capacity of 80—100 t. Smaller orders are distributed in cormgated cardboard boxes (1.0 X 1.2 x 0.9 m) with a capacity of 450—500 kg of resin. 

Solids. Increasing use of bulk cars, especially of covered hopper cars, has accompanied the expansion of the tank-car fleet. The principal drawback of bulk cars is the requirement for limited use, specialized cars, which necessitates a large investment. However, if such investment can be justified, the cost of transportation for dry bulk materials ia hopper cars usually is less than those for goods ia shipping containers. In many instances, such cars are used in closed-loop service that is, they shuttle in unit trains between filling and discharge points. Similar equipment is also used in specialized highway vehicles whose tmck bodies can incorporate dump hoppers and built-in conveyors. 

Exotic materials are less likely to be used in the constmction of hopper cars than in tank cars because of the lower chemical aggressiveness of soHd chemicals compared to that of Hquids and gases. 

Semibulk Containers. Use of semibulk containers falls between bulk handling, eg, accompHshed by tank cars and hopper cars, and individual package handling, which is often performed manually. Semibulk containers are also known as intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), the provisions and requirements for the constmction and testing of which can be found in the U.N. recommendations (4). 

With few exceptions, thermoplastics are marketed in the form of pellets. They are shipped in containers of various sizes, from 25-kg bags to railroad hopper cars. Resins are conveyed to silos for storage and from there to the processing equipment. Colored resins are available, but frequentiy it is more convenient and economical to buy uncolored resins and blend them with color concentrates. Using concentrates avoids handling dusty pigments and ensures uniform color distribution. 

Shipment and Storage. Anhydrous sodium sulfite is suppHed in 22.7- and 45.4-kg moistureproof paper bags or 45.4- and 159-kg fiber dmms. Most sodium sulfite is shipped by rail in hopper cars. Sodium sulfite should be protected from moisture during storage. When dry it is quite stable, but when wet it is oxidized by air. 

Railroads generally do not supply tank cars and other special-purpose rail cars such as covered hopper cars for the movement of bulk plastic materials. Rather, shippers or receivers must furnish such equipment, usually through a purchase or lease arrangement with car manufacturers or lessors. 

In a typical process the finely divided dry crystals are compacted under heat and pressure in a roU press into briquettes having a density of 1.550 to 1.590. The briquettes are passed to a rotary screen where the fins, thin layers of material attached to the periphery of the briquette centerline, are removed and reprocessed. The finished briquettes pass into large storage bins from where they are loaded into rail-hopper cars or shipping bins or packaged into dmms and other shipping containers. 

Parameter Domestic paper hag Bulk corrugated-paper box Intermediate hulk container Bulk hopper truck Ship container Railroad hopper car Intermediate hulk container... 

Mileage credit is paid to owners or lessees of this type of hopper car. To gain mileage credit car must he loaded. Rate is negotiable. A typical rate is 0.43 per loaded mile. 

The most important bulk containers are railroad hopper cars, highway hopper trucks, portable bulk bins, van-type (ship) containers, barges, and ships. Factors determining the suit ihty of any of these containers (after establishing whether open or closed containers are to be used) depend on product physical properties, the most important of which are ease of flow, corrosiveness, and sensitivity to contamination. 

Table 21-28 gives dimensions of hopper cars and other cars typically used in the chemical industiy. Vacuum-pressure systems are used most frequently for unloading covered hopper cars. For certain free-flowing materials, in both covered and open-top hopper cars, shakeout devices are useful. 

Because of the railroad-car shortage that has persisted for many years, boxcars are often used for bulk materials. Lined with suitable materials to prevent contamination and with special bulkheads at each door, these cars are acceptable substitutes for covered hopper cars even though unloading is more difficult. Vacuum conveying wands are used to pick up the material, as are front-end-loader-type vehicles. 

Loading of hopper cars and trucks can be done with most types of conveyors air, belt, screw, etc. When an extremely full loading is required, centrifugal trimmers are frequently used. Available in a... 

Large, (e.g. tank cars, tank trucks, stationary tanks, hopper cars/trucks, multiple medium containers.)... 

Tankcar, tankwagon, and hopper car loading, unloading, and cleaning. 

On January 22, 1972, an overspeeding tank car containing iiquefied propyiene coilided with a standing hopper car at a shunting yard in East St. Louis, Illinois. As a result, the tank of the tank car was punctured, and propylene gas was released. A large vapor cloud was formed, which then ignited and exploded. More than 230 people were injured. 

The coupler of the hopper car punctured the head of the first tank car. Liquefied propylene was spilled, and propylene vapor was observed as a white cloud spreading at ground level. The hopper car was set into motion by the impact from the three-car unit, and the four cars rolled down the track together until they struck cars standing at 700 m (2300 ft) from the hump end of the track. This impact resulted in an enlargement of the tear in the leading tank car. 

The product will be shipped in bulk by truck and hopper cars as well as in 50 lb bags, 200 lb fiber cartons, and 1,000 lb boxes.10 Since there are many small customers, it will be assumed that 30% is shipped in 50 lb bags, and 15% each in 200 lb cartons and 1,000 lb boxes. Most of these small customers will not have a large storage facility. To provide good service, a 60-day supply of each product stored in bags, cartons, and drums will be specified. A 25-day storage facility for bulk materials will be constructed. 

Figure 4-6 A combination vacuum-pressure system. A vacuum is used to withdraw material from a hopper car and positive pressure is used to transport it to storage silos.

The largest bulk shipment will be in a railroad hopper car that has a capacity of 5,700 ft1 2 3 4 5 (202,000 lb of P.S).42 One tank 20% larger than this will be constructed for each product and will be positioned above the railroad track. 

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