Landfill space

In 1993, nearly 36 million tons of paper were recovered in the United States, twice as much as in 1980 (54). Eor the first time, more paper was recovered in the United States than landfilled. As a result, 11 million fewer tons of paper were landfilled in the United States in 1993 than in 1987. This saved more than 69 X 10 m (90 x 10 yd ) of landfill space. In 1995, recovered paper accounted for 31.5% of the fiber used to manufacture 84.1 million metric tons of paper products (54). Annual capital spending for paper recycling projects from 1995 to the year 2000 is estimated to average 2 biUion (55). The American Eorest Paper Association (AE PA) estimates U.S. consumption of recovered paper will increase 4.9% per year through the year 2000, nearly twice the total paper industry capacity growth rate (56). Consumption of recovered paper in U.S. mills in 1997 is estimated at 35.6 million tons (57). 

Burning of MSW can reduce the volume of landfill space needed by over 80%. Moreover, MSW represents an available energy source of about... 

By substantially reducing the volume of landfill space needed for MSW disposal, WTE can extend the life of a landfill. In fact, most of the revenues that go to WTE plant operators come from the payments for waste disposal services called tipping fees, and not from electric sales. 

Railroad Transport Renewed interest is developing in the use of railroads for hauling sohd wastes, especially in heavily populated areas where landfill space is scarce and tipping fees are high. Containerized waste on piggyback rail cars are used. Fiill-size bulk material cars are also used for shipping solid wastes. 

Utilize landfill space efficiently and extend site life... 

The rising cost of scrap and waste disposal, the scarcity of onsite landfill space, and potential environmental liabilities make it an economic necessity to recover iron units from dust and sludge. However, recycling to the blast furnace raises the hot metal phosphorus content to undesirable levels. 

Did you know that the first plastics were considered too valuable to be thrown out Today, many plastics are considered disposable. Plastics now take up nearly one third of all landfill space, and society s use of plastics is on the rise. Recycling initiatives are helping to reduce plastic waste. Another solution to this problem may involve the technology of degradable plastics. 

Tables V and VI (11) outline the estimated economics for a 910 and an 1820 tonne per day plant. The product revenue is estimated as 13.23 per tonne of waste. For an 1820 tonne per day plant, there is a net cost of 6.25 per tonne processed. On the surface it would seem that an expensive process does no better than landfilling the municipal solid waste at 6- 8 per tonne. However, an important consideration is that the quantity of unusable solids has been reduced to 16% by weight and less than 5% by volume of the initial waste, a 20-fold decrease in landfill space requirements.

Disposing of waste tires is becoming more expensive. Over the past 20 years the average tipping fees for disposing of tires have continually increased. This trend is likely to continue as landfill space becomes more scarce. 

Tires take up landfill space. Whole tires are banned from many landfills or charged a higher tipping fee than other waste even if they are carefully buried to prevent rising they are very bulky. Shredded tires take up less space, but it is space that could be saved if the tires were utilized as raw material for products or as fuel. 

This paper summarizes the results of an experimental program to evaluate the effectiveness of using recycled fibers from carpet waste for concrete reinforcement. It also discusses issues that need to be addressed for the application of such FRC in large scale construction projects. It then reports on a building construction project using carpet waste fiber reinforced concrete. The results suggest that using carpet industrial waste fibers in construction would not only improve the reliability and life of the concrete structure, it but also could reduce the landfill spaces needed to dispose the waste material. 

The carpet industrial waste generated each year and that accumulated in landfills represent an abundance of useful resources, as they can provide effective reinforcement for concrete. As to be discussed in the following sections, concrete reinforced with recycled fibers from hard carpet waste is indeed a suitable material for construction. It suggests that using carpet waste in construction could be a very cost-effective way to improve the durability and performance of the concrete structure, and to reduce the needs for landfill spaces. 

Disadvantages of landfilling Valuable landfill space is being used by soils amenable to other treatment, precluding the use of that space by wastes better suited for landfill. 

In view of the fact that available landfilling space is getting scarce in Japan, making it increasingly necessary to... 

Since the plastics are produced from petrochemicals derived from hydrocarbons, the motivation to reuse, recycle, or reprocess for energy recovery is primarily driven by an interest in conservation of petroleum resources. Economic factors are also important, but the potential saving of landfill space is more a perception rather than a reality [9]. Most of the categories of vinylic polymers discussed in this chapter are melt-formable, that is, they are thermoplastic materials, rather than nonmelting or thermosetting as are several of the condensation polymers discussed in Chapters 20 and 21. Thus,... 

P. Yost, E. Lund. Residential Construction Waste Management—A Builder s Field Guide—How to Save Money and Landfill Space, National Association of Home Builders Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD, 1997. 

The average person in the West throws out their own body weight in garbage every three months. Disposing of our domestic waste requires landfill space, increases the number of garbage trucks on our roads, and creates pollution problems, so reducing the amount we throw away makes sense. 

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