Process evaluation utilities

This paper shows how different schemes were evaluated and the final process design selected for the North Ronkin A gos processing plotform. It shows the iterations required to optimise ond select importont criteria such as the plant processing temperoture which depends on the performance of the various components of the overall processing ond utility systems. At the... 

Characterization, as it applies to catalyst science, is usually used to describe both the performance characteristics (evaluation) and the physical attributes (analyses) of the materials under investigation. Personnel involved in catalyst evaluation utilize custom designed equipment to determine the performance of a catalyst in a particular process. The design of the equipment typically follows that of the process, but on a much smaller laboratory scale. These simulations attempt to "mimic" the process, or parts of the process, and as such the data generated are relative not only to the process but to the test equipment and conditions (see Dartzenburg). Conversion, activity, stability, abrasion resistance, crush strength, etc. are terms often encountered in evaluation. Analysis, on the other hand, describes or measures the physical quantities of size or mat-... 

Our evaluation utilizes a combination of literature searches and physical testing. The literature search is a part of a comprehensive literature search for all types of biological and chemical hazards. It is performed by the chemist in charge of the project before any other work is started, and it is updated to include any changes as the process is developed. The literature sources used in these searches that are of interest for the identification of thermochemical hazards are listed in Table I. The Sandoz Ltd.,... 

Supplier quality evaluation and audits—Suppliers of intermediates, reactants, solvents, and other materials should be subjected to the same types of evaluation utilized for other dosage forms. The extent of the assessment should vary with the importance of the material to the process. Precedence would be given to those materials whose purity would have an increased impact on the finished BPC. Where the material being produced by the vendor has direct impact on the BPCs quality, as would be the case for chemical intermediates, a more intensive approach is required. Periodic audits of these key suppliers should be a part of the overall quality assurance program. 

The foregoing study only evaluated the stereochemical fate of the cr-portion of the concerted process. The utilization of 86 c permits the evaluation of the stereochemical fate of both bonds and in contrast to... 

In the same manner economical data from the life-cycle chain of a product application or process evaluation may also be calculated and summarized. In the end, this analysis can lead to better decisions with regard to product design, material utilization and capital investment. The rationale behind this assessment tool has been described by Saling et al. and by Landsiedel and Saling. " ... 

When finished with its evaluation, Aspen IPE displays a window that contains an executive summary of its results. This window is not shown here. Note that when the user presses the Tools pulldown menu, selects Options, and then View Spreadsheet in Excel, Aspen IPE is activated to prepare several spreadsheets, including the Equipment Summary, Utility Summary (available in Version 12.1), ProjSum, Executive Summary, and Run Summary spreadsheets. For the details of these spreadsheets, see the Aspen IPE User s Guide (press the Help button and follow the path Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator User s Manual —> Evaluating the Project Reviewing Investment Analysis). 

If prior-use information only is used, the operating time required to gather statistically significant data is extensive, and any change to the device would require a re-evaluation of its prior use. Prior use alone may not disclose significant, undetected dangerous failure modes. As a result, the process sector utilizes lEC 61508 compliance (or lEC 61508 certification) in conjunction with prior-use information, as defined in ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004-1, Clauses 3.2.53, 3.2.60, and 11.5.3. 

Typical factors in common use are listed in Table 9-2. These factors apply to processes operating at temperatures in excess of 400 F at pressures of under 150 psig, and are taken from the AACE Recommended Practice No. 16R-90, Conducting Technical and Economic Evaluations in the Process and Utility Industries. 

Recommended Practice No. 16R-90, Conducting Technical and Economic Evaluations in the Process and Utility Industries. 

Joining and adhesive properties of polymeric composites are of critical importance for emerging applications in the aeronautical, aerospace and marine industries. Traditional macroscopic adhesion testing techniques evaluate macroscopic properties of materials, with limited information on the molecular level processes that control actual performance. Nanomechanical and nanotack evaluations utilizing advanced nanoprobe techniques of polymer/fiber composites reveal differences in performance at the molecular level. 

When designing and evaluating an analytical method, we usually make three separate considerations of experimental error. First, before beginning an analysis, errors associated with each measurement are evaluated to ensure that their cumulative effect will not limit the utility of the analysis. Errors known or believed to affect the result can then be minimized. Second, during the analysis the measurement process is monitored, ensuring that it remains under control. Finally, at the end of the analysis the quality of the measurements and the result are evaluated and compared with the original design criteria. This chapter is an introduction to the sources and evaluation of errors in analytical measurements, the effect of measurement error on the result of an analysis, and the statistical analysis of data. 

When the Clean Air Act of 1990 was signed into law, electric utiUties were requited to estabUsh plans and initiate projects to comply with that Act s Tide IV. Each utihty had to evaluate how the various commercial and emerging clean coal systems fit into the utiUty s technical and business environment resulting in strategies to utilize fuel switching and wet throwaway FGD processes almost exclusively (38,85,86). 

The use of process flow diagrams and material balances are worthwhile methods to quantify losses or emissions and provide essential data to estimate the size and cost of additional equipment, other data to evaluate economic performance, and a basefine for tracking the progress of minimization efforts (Ref. 3). Material balances should be apphed to individual waste streams or processes and then utilized to construct an overall balance for the facility. Details on these calculations are available in the literature (Ref. 8). In addition, an introduction to this subject is provided in the next section. 

Once the candidate corrective measure alternatives have been identified, a more detailed evaluation of each alternative needs to be undertaken. From an engineering perspective, the first step in the evaluation process would include the development of a conceptual design for each alternative. The conceptual design would consist of a process description, a process flow diagram and a layout drawing. Preliminary sizing of equipment and utility and land requirements would be developed. In addition, chemical requirements and residuals produced can be estimated. From the conceptual design, permitability and residuals disposal issues can be identified and addressed. 

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