Corrective measures alternatives

Once the candidate corrective measure alternatives have been identified, a more detailed evaluation of each alternative needs to be undertaken. From an engineering perspective, the first step in the evaluation process would include the development of a conceptual design for each alternative. The conceptual design would consist of a process description, a process flow diagram and a layout drawing. Preliminary sizing of equipment and utility and land requirements would be developed. In addition, chemical requirements and residuals produced can be estimated. From the conceptual design, permitability and residuals disposal issues can be identified and addressed. 

After the conceptual designs for each candidate corrective measure alternative have been developed, each can be compared using the following evaluation criteria ... 

An estimate of the cost for each corrective measure alternative should be developed, including capital, operating and maintenance costs. Capital costs consist of direct (construction) and indirect (nonconstruction and overhead) costs. 

After each issue outlined in the evaluation criteria has been developed for each corrective measure, the selection of the most appropriate alternative can be made. Trade-offs among health risks, environmental effects and other pertinent technical, environmental and human health factors enter into this decisionmaking process. In the RCRA context, cost is not a factor in the selection process except when two or more corrective measure alternatives are determined by EPA to provide similarly adequate levels of protection of human health and the environment. 

Corrective Measures Study (CMS) - the conduct of detailed feasibility studies of the cleanup alternatives identified ... 

Each alternative should be assessed in terms of the extent to which it mitigates short- and long-term potential exposure to any residual contamination and protects human health, both during and after implementation of the corrective measure. 

Finally, to complete the calibration of a detector, an appropriate correction for its cosine response should be made. However, its calculation is quite complicated, as it requires sufficient knowledge of the radiance distribution of skylight during the measurement. Alternatively, this distribution can be assumed in a first approximation isotropic. 

As can be noted from tlie analysis of the ethylene plant, one of the major disadvantages of the FTA is lack of recommendations for preventative and corrective measures. FTA, however, has the advantage of pinpointing tlie sequence of events tliat could lead to an midesired TOP event. Once tliese causes liave been identified, an experienced design team can recommend solutions in tlic form of design alternatives and/or instrumentation. In recommending solutions, tlie probability, severity, and economics of each case must be taken into account. For example, tlie problem of temperature control... 

We will concentrate here on correction using a continuous emission lamp. The method consists of measuring, alternatively, the atomic absorption from the line of the element and the non specific absorption from a continuous spectrum lamp, over an range centred on the line and defined by the monochromator bandwidth. As this is much greater than the width of the line being analysed, we can consider that the second measurement corresponds solely to continuous (non specific) absorption. Continuous spectrum lamps used to correct the background arc ... 

Consider, for example, two disjoint events, A and B, defined in terms of adjoining intervals of real numbers, as shown in Figure 5a. Due to the effect of measurement errors, observations at the sharp boundary between events A and B are totally meaningless and should be completely discounted. Moreover, observations in the close neighborhood of this boundary (within the reach of measurement errors) are not fully credible and should be discounted according to some discount-rate function, as illustrated in Fig. 5a. When the same measurements are taken for the union A JB, as shown in Fig. 5b, the discount-rate function is not applicable. Hence, the same observations produce more evidence for the single event A JB than for the two disjoint events A and B. The evidential support for y4 U B is thus not equal to the sum of the evidential supports for A and B. That is, the additivity requirement of probability measures is violated the correct measure is in this case superadditive. Alternatively, an appropriate granulation can be used to define probabilities on fuzzy events. ... 

In order to use the Zeeman effect for background correction [306] several approaches can be applied (Fig. 87) [307]. A magnetic field around the primary source or around the atom reservoir can be provided, by which either the atomic emission lines or the absorption lines are subjected to Zeeman splitting. Use can be made of a constant transverse field and the absorption for the it- and the -components measured alternately with the aid of a polarizer and a rotating analyzer. However, an ac longitudinal field can be used and with the aid of a static polarizer only the cr-components are measured, once at zero and once at maximum field strength. 

Of special interest for the topic of the present chapter is the observation of Weaver that while the double-layer-corrected AS quantities are ligand sensitive, they are found to be independent of potential. This is not the case for the atom and electron transfer process involved in the hydrogen evolution reaction at Hg studied by Conway, et where an appreciable potential dependence of AS is observed, corresponding to conventionally anomalous variation of the Tafel slope with temperature. Unfortunately, in the work with the ionic redox reactions, as studied by Weaver, it is only possible to evaluate the variation of the transfer coefficient or symmetry factor with temperature with a limited variety of redox pairs since Tafel slopes, corresponding to any appreciable logarithmic range of current densities, are not always easily measurable. Alternatively, evaluation of a or /3 from reaction-order determination requires detailed double-layer studies over a range of temperatures. 

Alternatively, corrective measures can be installed which can be automatically triggered by digitally controlled systems. 

Corrective measures may involve any of those activities of adjusting the route, rescheduling of work, repairs and maintenance of machinery or equipment, and control over inventories. Alternative methods are suggested to handle peak loads. 

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