Raw Materials and Utilities

The audit review should cover five main areas raw materials and utilities, processes and integrated source control, end-of-pipe emission control systems, final emissions and discharges, and storage and handling.91213 Risk category is usually identified as high, medium or low (H/M/L). 

Are all raw materials used onsite documented in an inventory Provide a schedule and identify the sources of raw materials. 

Has one individual been nominated to be responsible for the maintenance of the inventory  

Are records kept on the quantities of raw materials used and unit costs  

Has an environmental assessment been carried out on all the raw materials used  

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The process engineer must summarize in some form the raw material and utility requirements for use by others. For example, the civil engineer is interested in waste water and sanitary sewer flows for proper layout studies. He is also in need of special requirements for site devel-... 

Variable costs raw material and utilities (electrical energy, steam, cooling water, etc.), overhead (if calculated related to product volume, which is assumed in the example). 

Their final comment was that In the USA, the relatively low raw materials and utilities costs, together with the methods of plant finance, make the trade-off between these factors opt in favour of the single-pressure process for plants built up to 1979 . 

The variable costs incurred at a site are calculated in equation (3.6). Variable costs include costs for raw materials and utilities (modeled as raw materials), personnel costs and other variable costs. Each raw material is assumed to be supplied from a single supplier at each site. Since country of origin and currency denomination are often not identical, the invoicing currency is specified for each raw material. 

Within each plant class to be considered the production process consists of a number of chemical and/or physical tasks. While the type and/or quantity of input factors such as raw materials and utilities might differ significantly between products, the characteristics of the production process within a single plant class are usually similar (except for multi-purpose plants). Therefore, the activities taking place within a single plant class can normally be combined for strategic planning purposes. The overall capacity of a plant is then determined based on the "bottleneck" (usually the ma-... 

Typical raw material and utility consumption figures for both single and Dual-Pressure processes are given in Table 9.6". 

Table 9.6. Raw material and utility consumptions in different nitric acid plants...

Typical raw material and utility consumptions for different urea processes are shown in Table 11.2. Explosive gas mixtures may form in the inerts scrubber because the off-gas contains O2, H2, N2 and possible non-condensed NH3 and C02. In some plants the hydrogen in the CO2 feedstock is reduced by catalytic combustion to values below 10 ppm. This minimizes the risk of forming an explosive H2/O2 mixture in the scrubber110. 

Table 11.2. Typical Raw Material and Utility Consumptions in Urea Processes...

Typical raw material and utility consumptions for different granulation processes are shown in Table 11.3110. ... 

Table 14.3. Methyl Amine Production Raw Material and Utility Use...

Value-added dollar ( VA) = Revenues - Costs of raw materials and utilities... 

Figure 22.24 shows a typical methylamines process diagram.117 The raw material and utility use are summarized in Table 22.25.17... 

The solution to the problem is obtained by solving mass and energy balances to yield the quantity and state (i.e., composition, temperature, pressure) of all the streams and the utility requirements. Additional parameters for the process equipment, sufficient so that stream specifications are met and the cost of the equipment can be estimated, are calculated. The cost of equipment, raw materials, and utilities is estimated and an economic analysis is carried out. Methods of cost estimation and economic analysis are presented later in this text. This entire procedure may be repeated many times to examine modifications of the process flow sheet or to find optimal values of key process variables. Computer software can greatly simplify these repetitive calculations for the engineer. But even without the need for repetition, the software may simplify the calculations and provide detail and accuracy that would have been impossible otherwise. 

Economics Raw material and utility requirements per metric ton of product ... 

Note Raw material and utility requirements presented are representative each plant is optimized based on specific raw material and utility costs. 

Economics Depending on heat exchange options included within the design, the raw material and utility consumptions per metric ton of... 

Raw material and utilities Ethylene and hydrogen chloride selectivities of 98+% are typical with HC1 conversion of 99.8+%. Operating in an ethylene-rich environment, the process produces only about half as much CO and C02 as typical fluid-bed processes. Typical operating requirements per metric ton of EDC are ... 

Economics Typical raw materials and utilities consumption per metric ton (mt) of pelletized product ... 

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