Advanced utility

El-Masri, M.A. and Pourkey, F. (1986), Prediction of cooling flow requirements for advanced utility gas turbines. Part I Analysis and scaling of the cfTectiveness curve, ASME paper 86-WA/HT-43. 

A cooperative alliance of Kenetech Corporation, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, and EPRI has developed an advanced, utility-grade variable speed wind turbine that can deliver 300 kW. Commercially available and in widespread use, the turbine uses advanced power electronics to increase turbine efficiency, improve power quality, and lengthen turbine life. Future efforts are directed at developing turbines capable of individually producing 500—1000 kW for eventual deployment in a large-scale power role. 

Obviously for future periods, no measured data are available and all variables must be estimated. Seme models, such as the Advanced Utility Simulation Model (Z.) being developed for EPA, use complex algorithms and modeling structures to internally simulate the operations of a sector or sectors of the economy to obtain estimates of activity levels, control efficiencies, and emission coefficients. Other models, such as the Environmental Trends Analysis Model II (8tQ)t originally developed for the U.S. Department of Energy, use exogenous forecasts of activity levels and assumed values of control efficiencies and emission coefficients. The uses for these... 

CERI Report on Biogas-to-Hydrogen Energy Research Project in 2003-2005 NEDO Report, Inter-industrial Alliances and its Technical Development for CO2 Fixation and Advanced Utilization (2005)... 

Boiler controls have seen the most important improvements in recent years. In the past boiler controls were limited to adjust feed water temperatures and monitor flame operation by the implementation of specific safefy sensors like flame, temperature and pressure sensors. Today boiler controls integrate more and more functions three-way valve, pumps, external heat storage, solar panel controls, and so on. In more advanced utility boilers, thermal power is modulated through fan speed modulation. Air-fuel ratio is controlled by an ionization... 

A number of other software packages are available to predict NMR spectra. The use of large NMR spectral databases is the most popular approach it utilizes assigned chemical structures. In an advanced approach, parameters such as solvent information can be used to refine the accuracy of the prediction. A typical application works with tables of experimental chemical shifts from experimental NMR spectra. Each shift value is assigned to a specific structural fragment. The query structure is dissected into fragments that are compared with the fragments in the database. For each coincidence, the experimental chemical shift from the database is used to compose the final set of chemical shifts for the... 

A significant advance in flame retardancy was the introduction of binary systems based on the use of halogenated organics and metal salts (6,7). In particular, a 1942 patent (7) described a finish for utilizing chlorinated paraffins and antimony(III) oxide [1309-64-4]. This type of finish was invaluable in World War II, and saw considerable use on outdoor cotton fabrics in both uniforms and tents. 

Some of the other research studies have addressed topics such as high soHds biomass digestion (154), utilization of superthermophilic organisms (155), advanced reactor designs (156), landfill gas enhancement (157), and microbiology of the mixed cultures involved in methane fermentation (158). 

Polyethylene. Traditional melt spun methods have not utilized polyethylene as the base polymer because the physical properties obtained have been lower compared to those obtained with polypropylene. Advances in polyethylene technology may result in the commercialization of new spunbonded stmctures having characteristics not attainable with polypropylene. Although fiber-grade polyethylene resin was announced in late 1986 (11,12), it has seen limited acceptance because of higher costs and continuing improvements in polypropylene resin technology (see Olefin POLYMERS, POLYETHYLENE). 

Solution Polymerization. Two types of solution polymerization technologies are used for LLDPE synthesis. One process utilizes heavy solvents the other is carried out in mixtures of supercritical ethylene and molten PE as a polymerization medium. Original solution processes were introduced for low pressure manufacture of PE resins in the late 1950s subsequent improvements of these processes gradually made them economically competitive with later, more advanced technologies. 

In the 1970s, Solvay iatroduced an advanced TiCl catalyst with high activity and stereoregulahty (6). When this catalyst was utilized ia Hquid monomer processes, the level of atactic polymer was sufftciendy low so that its removal from the product was not required. Catalyst residues were also reduced so that simplified systems for post-reactor treatment were acceptable. Sumitomo has developed a Hquid monomer process, used by Exxon (United States), ia which polymer slurry is washed ia a countercurrent column with fresh monomer and alcohol to provide highly purified polymer (128). 

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