Marine industries

Phenohc resins (qv), once a popular matrix material for composite materials, have in recent years been superseded by polyesters and epoxies. Nevertheless, phenohc resins stiU find considerable use in appHcations where high temperature stabiHty and fire resistance are of paramount importance. Typical examples of the use of phenoHc resins in the marine industry include internal bulkheads, decks, and certain finishings. The curing process involves significant production of water, often resulting in the formation of voids within the volume of the material. Further, the fact that phenoHcs are prone to absorb water in humid or aqueous conditions somewhat limits their widespread appHcation. PhenoHc resins are also used as the adhesive in plywood, and phenohc molding compounds have wide use in household appliances and in the automotive, aerospace, and electrical industries (12). 

The primary UPR end markets are construction, automotive, and marine industries widi applications such as house paneling, tub and shower applications, chemical-resistant storage tanks, pultruded profiles, and fiberglass composite boat hulls. The UPR industry is mature, with a world production close to 1.7 million tons (Table 2.2), but must face two important issues increasingly strict regulations for styrene emissions and poor recycling potential for polyester thermosets.48 49... 

Unsaturated polyester resins based on maleic anhydride are widely used in coatings to manufacture boat hulls and truck caps and a variety of other uses where a smooth, weatherproof, hard-surfaced material is desired. Because these resin types are inherently brittle, hberglass is frequently added for reinforcement. Consumphon of unsaturated polyesters in the U.S. is well over a billion pounds per year, with about 50% going into construction and the marine industry. 

The marine industry represents one of the largest markets for unsaturated polyester resins. First introduced to the boating industry in the mid-to-late 1950s, the use of unsaturated polyesters, coupled with their relatively low manufacturing costs, can be credited with opening boating to the mass market. 

Consumption of unsaturated polyesters in the marine industry consists of broad usage for hulls, decks and numerous small parts such as hatch and engine covers. Hulls and decks are generally produced with unsaturated polyester resins and multiple layers of fiberglass cloth knits and chopped fibers. Most marine applications require the use of unsaturated polyester resin gel coats for exterior appearance and for protection from the elements. 

In the marine industry, consortiums have demonstrated the viability of topside commercial ship construction using unsaturated polyester sandwich constructions and innovative joinery techniques. Large composite rudders for naval vessels have been produced and are currently completing life cycle testing. 

Leave the oil alone so that it breaks down by natural means. If there is no possibility of the oil polluting coastal regions or marine industries, the best method is to leave it to disperse by natural means. A combination of wind, sun, current, and wave action will rapidly disperse and evaporate most oils. Light oils will disperse more quickly than heavy oils. 

Marine Industry Corrosion resistant linings for fume scrubbers and cooling pipelines. Wear resistant linings for dredging pipelines. Ebonite or hard rubber for corrosion resistance. Soft natural rubber for wear resistance. 

In a restricted sense, corrosion is considered toconsistof the slow chemical and electrochemical reactions between melals and their environments. From a broader point of view corrosion is the slow destruction of any material by chemical agents and electrochemical reactions. This contrasts with erosion, which is the slow destruction of materials by mechanical agents. The character of the atmospheres to which materials arc exposed may he classified as rural, urban, industrial, urban-marine, industrial-marine, marine, tropical, and tropical-marine. In addition to these general kinds of environments, corrosion is of particular concern in the environments of chemical, petrochemical, and otherprocessing and manufacturing environments where extremely corrosive substances may be encountered. 

Two other test apparatuses are also suitable to assess flame spread of materials those in ASTM E 162,55 radiant panel (which is also used for cellular plastics, as ASTM D 3675152) and the one in ASTM E 1321,146, also known as the LIFT test. A variation of the latter is used by the marine industry (ASTM E 1317).131... 

Copper substrates are commonly bonded with epoxy adhesives in the microelectronics and marine industries. Compared to aluminum substrates, copper when bonded with epoxy adhesives provides lower initial strength. Depending on the adhesive and the type of test used, this can be as much as 50 percent lower. Similar to aluminum joints, copper joints bonded with epoxy adhesives can show poor durability in moist environments unless the interface is protected. 

Related Calculations. Use this procedure for any centrifugal pump handling any liquid in any service—power, process, marine, industrial, or commercial. Pump manufacturers can supply a temperature-rise curve for a given model pump if it is requested. This curve is superimposed on the pump characteristic curve and shows the temperature rise accompanying a specific flow through the pump. 

A.B. Laconti. The MIT/Marine Industry Collegium, Power Systems for Small Underwater Vehicles Cambridge, MA, 1988. 

AREA C. Matanzas Pass, behind Fort Myers Beach on Estero Island, represents impact from commercial fishing and heavy marine industry operations. The entire area from Carlos Bay through Matanzas Pass to Big Carlos Pass in Estero Bay was studied in an attempt to understand the distribution of contamination from the developed marine industrial area out into the nondeveloped Estero Bay. Sediment samples were collected from eight sites, oysters from five sites and water from four sites. 

Six metals are included in the assembled records carbon steel, weathering steel, galvanized steel, zinc, aluminum and bronze. A total of 63 sites are found in the data base, with many sites reporting values for numerous metals. Sites were classified as marine, industrial, or urban. The site distribution is given below. 

The section on metallic corrosion clearly indicates that the conventional method of classification of environments into marine, industrial, and rural no longer is adequate. More specific information is needed about the actual chemical components in the atmosphere as well as humidity and other factors. Specific environments also are addressed in the metallic corrosion section. For example, the automotive environment in the northeastern United States is particularly severe because of the combination of acid deposition and the use of road de-icing salts. These factors exert a synergistic effect on the corrosion behavior of auto-body steel and on exterior anodized aluminum automobile trim. 

R.G.J. Edyvean and S.C. Dexter, MIC in Marine Industries, A Practical Manual on Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, Gregory Kobrin, Ed., NACE International, 1993, p 47-63... 

Polymers find a wide range of applications in offshore and marine industry. The properties of materials used in these applications invariably include resistance to marine fouling, sea water, and crude oil. The main applications are in marine cables, coatings, and adhesives. 

Sally Your workplace problem reminds me of my AO student project carried out in the marine industry in Cape Town. With Cape Town being a coastal city, there is a constant demand for marine equipment manufacturing and marine services, such... 

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