Additional Equipment

As solution gas drive reservoirs lose pressure, produced GORs increase and larger volumes of gas require processing. Oil production can become constrained by gas handling capacity, for example by the limited compression facilities. It may be possible to install additional equipment, but the added operating cost towards the end of field life is often unattractive, and may ultimately contribute to increased abandonment costs. 

Finally, FIA is an attractive technique with respect to demands on time, cost, and equipment. When employed for automated analyses, FIA provides for very high sampling rates. Most analyses can be operated with sampling rates of 20-120 samples/h, but rates as high as 1700 samples/h have been realized. Because the volume of the flow injection manifold is small, typically less than 2 mb, consumption of reagents is substantially less than with conventional methods. This can lead to a significant decrease in the cost per analysis. Flow injection analysis requires additional equipment, beyond that used for similar conventional methods of analysis, which adds to the expense of the analysis. On the other hand, flow injection analyzers can be assembled from equipment already available in many laboratories. 

Electrochemical processes require feedstock preparation for the electrolytic cells. Additionally, the electrolysis product usually requires further processing. This often involves additional equipment, as is demonstrated by the flow diagram shown in Figure 1 for a membrane chlor-alkali cell process (see Alkali AND chlorine products). Only the electrolytic cells and components ate discussed herein. 

Direct-expansions are more appropriate for smaller systems which should be compact, and where there are just one or few evaporators. Overfeed (recirculation) systems should be considered for aU applications where first cost for additional equipment (surge drums, low-pressure receivers, refrigerant pumps, and accessories) is lower than the savings for the evaporator surface. 

In addition to the multiple-hearth furnace, the reactivation system is comprised of additional equipment to transport, store, dewater, and qiieucn the carbon. 

Additional equipment is sometimes integrated vvkth horizontal-belt filters to further devv ater the cake through expression. The addition of such equipment shouldn t be confused with expression equipment that utilizes filter medium belts. Belt type expression equipment is described later in the Expression subsection. 

The use of process flow diagrams and material balances are worthwhile methods to quantify losses or emissions and provide essential data to estimate the size and cost of additional equipment, other data to evaluate economic performance, and a basefine for tracking the progress of minimization efforts (Ref. 3). Material balances should be apphed to individual waste streams or processes and then utilized to construct an overall balance for the facility. Details on these calculations are available in the literature (Ref. 8). In addition, an introduction to this subject is provided in the next section. 

An advantage of a stoker-fired furnace is its easy adaptability to firing almost any unsized solid fuels. Bark, bagasse, or refuse can normally be fired on a stoker to supplement the coal with a minimum amount of additional equipment. Thus, such supplementaiy waste fuels may be able to contribute a higher percentage of the total heat input in a stoker-fired furnace than in a PC furnace without expensive equipment modifications. 

Film manufacture also requires special considerations in the case of polypropylene in order to ensure small crystal structures and hence high clarity. Chill-roll casting processes may be used and these give films of high clarity and minimal thickness variations at high rates of production. Blown film processes can, however, give superior mechanical properties and in addition equipment costs are lower, and in consequence the process is more economic for lower tonnage production. 

These cycles allow sequestration and disposal of CO2 as a liquid, rather than allowing it to enter the atmosphere. They involve the introduction of additional equipment for the CO2 removal but little or no modification of the basic CBT or CBTX plant itself. 

B2 the steam/TCR plant, with additional equipment for CO2 removal ... 

The quality of the product can be verified by you on receipt providing you acquire additional equipment or facilities. (More costly than the previous method but may be economic if there is high utilization of the equipment.)... 

There are economic and operational reasons for considering an additional stage of compression. The addition of a stage of compression requires an additional scrubber, additional cylinder or case, and more complex piping and controls. In addition, there are some horsepower losses due to additional mechanical friction of the cylinder or rotating element and the increased pressure drop in the piping. This horsepower loss and additional equipment cost may be more than offset by the increased efficiency of compression. 

It is important to ensure that, as far as possible, this additional equipment is purely capacitive, i.e. that it has no resistive component, and otherwise the customer will face an increase in his energy bill. The circuit and pha-sor diagrams of Figure 17.4 illustrate the situation. In the... 

The boilers are normally dispatched to site as a packaged unit with the shell and smokeboxes fully insulated, painted, and mounted on a base frame. The combustion appliance and control panel will be fitted together with the feedwater pump, water-level controls, gauges, and a full complement of boiler valves. Additional equipment may be specified and incorporated during construction. Larger boilers may have to have certain items fitted at site due to site restriction or weight. 

If a controlled-potential determination is to be carried out, additional equipment will be required, namely an electronic voltmeter, a potentiostat and a reference electrode. The latter is most commonly a saturated calomel electrode, the construction of which is described in Chapter 14. 

A price must always be paid for this selection, and the price is generally higher the more rigorous the selection. Additional equipment is always required to accomplish the selection, but this is not the real problem. The most serious cost is reduced intensity, which comes about in two ways. First, the removal of all but one wavelength—more exactly, of... 

Repeat Problem 4.19 for C = 0.6 and 1.0. Note that more reactors will affect more than just the capital costs. Additional equipment will lower system reliability and increase operating costs. Which value of C is the more conservative Is this value of C also the more conservative when estimating the installed cost of an entire plant based on the cost of a smaller plant ... 

Flow this is important when automatic premix addition equipment is used in modern feed mills. Bridging (an organized structure of... 

In the last chapter the design of equipment for proposed future expansions was discussed. Obviously, if the equipment has been overdesigned to meet the anticipated future expansion, no extra space needs to be provided. If, however, additional equipment will be required, space should be allocated for it. The net result will be an increase in the initial cost of construction and some increase in material transfer costs, because the transfer lines will be longer. 

While the first STM studies of electrode surfaces were performed with self-built instruments, scanning tunneling microscopes for electrochemical use are nowadays commercially available at a price that hardly justifies the effort of homemade equipment. Nevertheless, new instrumental designs are now and then discussed in the literature, which are still worthwhile to be considered for special applications. There is, however, additional equipment required for the operation of an electrochemical STM, for which homemade designs may be advantageous over commercially available ones and hence is briefly mentioned here in terms of tip preparation and isolation, the electrochemical cell, and vibration damping. 

A high level of poly(3HB) accumulation is also obtained if the cells are grown under carbon substrate limitation, and the cultivation in the second fermenter is also carried out under carbon limitation. In this case, a substrate flow rate (F2) below that corresponding to the maximum specific poly(3HB) formation rate should be chosen [114]. This cultivation strategy is especially convenient when using toxic substrates like acetic acid. Low substrate concentrations are more conveniently maintained in continuous cultivation than in fed-batch cultivation. The only additional equipment needed is a system to ensure constant working volumes and flow rates. 

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