Business environment

When the Clean Air Act of 1990 was signed into law, electric utiUties were requited to estabUsh plans and initiate projects to comply with that Act s Tide IV. Each utihty had to evaluate how the various commercial and emerging clean coal systems fit into the utiUty s technical and business environment resulting in strategies to utilize fuel switching and wet throwaway FGD processes almost exclusively (38,85,86). 

Changes in the Business Environment 290 Changes in Technology 290 Changes in Regulations 291 Changes in Standards 291... 

This chapter briefly discusses the future of SAS programming and the SAS programmer in the world of clinical trials. The impact of the business environment, regulatory issues, technological changes, and standards organizations on the future of SAS programming in clinical trials is addressed. 

This expanded view of task automation includes new capabilities in the the traditional area of instrument automation and in the somewhat newer related field of robotics. In addition it includes a number of functions which are not new to the office and business environment but have only recently become readily available in the laboratory. These are tools such as data base management, scientific text processing, and electronic mail and document transfer. One way to improve technical productivity Is by giving the scientist more time to do science. This can be accomplished through improved efficiency In the office, communication, and information retrieval functions which must be performed as well as by allowing science to be done In new and more efficient ways through the use of computers. 

Large models can be repetitive within similar business environments just as program designs are. And models also have variability that can be captured by different forms of factoring and parameterization. 

Global Business Environment Shell International 2001, Exploring The Future Energy Needs, Choices and Possibilities-Scenarios to 2050, 2001. 

However, process spectroscopy is, almost by definition, done to measure and control an industrial process. Most of the work is driven by business needs, such as improving profits or product quality. In competitive business environments, firms preserve every advantage possible by protecting valuable measurement systems... 

The root causes for the reversal of the industry s fortunes and the persisting harsh business environment are unfavorable developments on both demand and offer sides. The net result is underutilized fine-chemical production capacities, estimated at 40% for the pharmaceutical industry and 30% for the fine-chemical industry, and eventually a serious offer-demand imbalance. Last but not least, the currency exposure is another element of concern. Costs incur in Euros sales are in US dollars. 

The QC monitoring processes described above, if supported, were limited in their ability to support improvements and could only lead to action that was reactive in nature. Process integration is weak or nonexistent. Neither process maturity and development nor proactive system management is achievable. In the past, QMS enhancement was viewed as an expense and not seen as a relational contributor to the value chain. Aware management now realizes, through regulatory action, penalty and fines, delayed product approvals, recalls, and the like that establishment of a comprehensive QMS is essential to survive in the current regulatory environment and remain competitive in the business environment. 

A last kind of effect may result from a basic change in the nature of the business environment created by the "new regula-tion". This is a systemic effect Which will significantly affect the skill mix of chemical firms, their R D processes, and their general business strategy. These effects in turn have important, though still largely unpredictable, effects on the nature (as well as the outcome) of the innovation process in the chemical industry. 

Process spectroscopy is, almost by definition, done to measure and control an industrial process. Almost all of the work is driven by business needs, such as improving profits or product quality. In competitive business environments, firms preserve every advantage possible by protecting valuable measurement systems as trade secrets. Thus, firms are often reluctant to reveal process spectroscopy applications, whether successful or not. Notable exceptions to this include the desire for positive publicity around improved safety or to direct the regulatory environment. Often, companies will patent the work and will not publish in a scientific journal until after the patent is filed, if ever. Many applications, such as the classic titanium oxide-monitoring paper, are revealed only years after implementation. As a consequence, the current state of the art in the literature is quite likely far out of date. 

Global specialty chemicals companies already operate plants in many different countries and have the expertise to navigate in the respective business environments. Therefore, typically political risks are not incorporated into quantitative models but considered when selecting the potential investment candidate countries. If desired, the model can be extended to include political risk based on an aggregate risk parameter to analyze risk/return profiles for alternative network configurations. For a more detailed discussion of the major elements of political risk see Appendix 3. 

This model (Figure 6-1) is an example of how computer systems validation and its related activities can be organized and responsibilities allocated. Each organization should prepare a document to identify the roles and responsibilities appropriate for its business environment. 

For SCM to be relevant in a diversified and global supply chain, it needs a dedicated and globally operating organization. This has to reflect the business environment as well as being able to support a changing production network. 

BASF therefore aims to harness the changing business environment and achieve sustainable, profitable growth. However, operating successfully in an emerging and highly dynamic market also requires careful evaluation of the risks that could endanger that success. BASF therefore analyzes several key risk factors in China on a regular basis. The most prominent ones at present are the development of ... 

Amid all these developments, value creation has remained a key objective, although the paths to it have, of course, been altered and augmented by the shifts in the business environment. 

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