Pine resin composition

Sample 7 contained more than 20% unchanged abietic acid, more than 50% dehydroabietic acid, but very little 7-ketodehydroabietic acid. This composition is not expected of a pine pitch but of a pine resin that has been through slow disproportionation in an anaerobic environment. This residue is therefore that of a pine resin added to wine to make the retsina for which Greece was noted in antiquity as it is today. Sample 1 contained only 1% unchanged abietic acid, but more than half of the dehydroabietic acid was oxidized to 7-ketodehydroabietic acid, a finding that indicates the presence of air during the preparation of the pitch. 

Pine resins may be divided into volatile (usually mono- and sesqui-terpenoid) and non-volatile (diterpenoid) and phenolic components e.g., lignin and its precursors). The two components are thought to act differently on invading beetles the volatiles are chemical toxins, whereas the non-volatiles are more of a physical barrier. Phloem and oleo-resin compositions differ among tree species, " and some components can be induced by beetle attacks. " Predominant resin monoterpenes in various hosts include A3-carene, limonene, and P-pinene in ponderosa pine A3-carene, limonene, and P-phellandrene in Jeffrey pine and a-pinene and A3-carene in pinyon pine P. edulis) , 48,52,53 jj. 

PAINE, T.D., BLANCHE, C.A., NEBEKER, T.E., STEPHEN, F.M., Composition of loblolly pine resin defenses Comparison of monoterpenes from induced lesion and sapwood resin. Can. J. Forest Res., 1987,17, 1202-1206. 

In addition to the common applications of PVC in flooring and floor tiles, there are also applications of PU (coatings for flooring), polyamide (PA) (woven carpets and rugs), linoleum (manufactured by oxidising linseed oil mixed with pine resin and wood flour in the form of sheets on jute backing), wood/thermoset composites (thermosets like PE, UF, polyisocyanates used as veneers, in plywood, particleboard, fibreboard, laminates), wood fibre/thermoplastic composites (for industrial flooring with PE). 

Toluene was discovered by Pelletier and Walter in an oil obtained as a byproduct in the production of illuminating gas from pine resin. They called it retinaphtha and determined its composition correctly as ( = C7Hg). 

The botanical species exploited in the past for the collection of resins vary according to the geographical area, and thus, the availability of adequate reference materials of a known botanical origin is crucial for resin identification. Pine resin and resin-derived pitch, mastic, frankincense, myrrh, benzoe, and birch bark tar are the most common terpenoid materials in archaeological artifacts from the Mediterranean area. Terpenic resin composition depends on aging and exposure to air and light, so the biomarkers used for their identification are... 

Chadha Y R 1982 Indian pine resin - its chemical composition and utilization. In Atal C K, Kapur B M (eds) Cultivation and utilization of aromatic plants. Regional Research Laboratory CSIR Jammu-Tawi, 337-347... 

A website on the chemistry of paints and paintings makes the statement that pine resin in North America contains more of the 7 ,7 -isomer of pinene, but that European pines produce more of the 5,5-isomer. This is essentially correct, although there are also other differences in composition. It then states that the 5,5-isomer is less oxygen sensitive, and hence turpentine prepared from French pine oil resinifies less rapidly, and hence is more suitable for artistic uses. Is it plausible that the two enantiomers react at different rates with oxygen If not, why not If the observation that French pine oil reacts more slowly with oxygen is correct, what other explanation is possible ... 

The resin acids found in rosins are generally of the abietic- and pimaric-type. Rosins of various pine species differ in their content of abietic vs. pimaric-type acids. Rosins from species exhibiting high abietic-type acid compositions are preferred for production of rosin derivatives. However, the differences in properties of rosins are often associated with their non-resin acid content instead of their chemical compositions. On the other hand, the compositions of rosins from different sources greatly differ [22]. Table 8 shows a typical distribution of resin acids in rosins obtained from gum, tall oil and wood sources. 

Physical Form. Volatile liquid, colorless or yellow, which is a mixture of natural substances obtained ftom resinous exudates or resinous wood ftom living or dead coniferous trees, especially pine trees. The chemical composition can vary with the source and method of derivation, but a typical analysis of turpentine is a-pinene, 82.5% camphene, 8.7% (3-pinene, 2.1% unidentified natural turpenes, 6.8%. 

Balsam turpentine oil is obtained from the resins of living trees of suitable Pinus species by distillation at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 180°C, or by other fractionation methods, which do not change the terpene composition of the resins. Wood turpentine oils, on the other hand, are generally obtained by steam distillation of chopped tree trunks, dead wood, or of resin extracted from this wood. Sulfate turpentine oil is produced as waste in the manufacture of cellulose by the sulfate process and is also a wood turpentine. Pine oil is another wood turpentine oil that is obtained by dry distillation of suitable pine and fir trees, followed by fractionation. However, the term pine oil is nowadays used for a product which is manufactured by hydration of turpentine oil (a-pinene). The resulting product is a mixture of monoterpenes containing o-terpineol as the main component. In addition to many other technical purposes, it is used to a large extent in cheap perfumes for technical applications. 

The resin content of wood and its composition vary considerably, depending on such factors as place of growth, age of the tree, and genetic factors. For example, the resin content of Norway spruce (P/cea abies) is considerably higher for stems grown in the northern than in the southern parts of Scandinavia. The resin content within the same stem also varies, but in a very irregular manner. In all pines, the heartwood contains much more resin than the sapwood, whereas the opposite seems to be true for P/cea species as indicated by data for Norway spruce. The heartwood extractives in both pine and spruce contain resin acids and free fatty acids as main components,... 

Fig. 5-9. Radial variations in the content and composition of extractives in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (Assarsson, 1969 see also Lindgren and Norin, 1969). 1, Total extractives 2, triglycerides 3, resin acids 4, fatty acids 5, pinosylvin + monomethyl ether.

Interest in pine bark as a source of adhesive components began to accelerate following the oil crisis of 1973. Sodium hydroxide extracts of southern pine bark were successfully used in replacing up to 40% of the phenolic resin for bonding of particleboards, oriented strandboards, and composites with a flakeboard core and veneer facing (50f51). Similar results were obtained with extracts from patula pine (52). Encouraged by results of this type, the New Zealand Forest Products Ltd. Corporation expanded their radiata pine bark tannin pilot plant to full-scale operation in 1981 to produce an extract trademarked Tannaphen. This material was crosslinked with paraformaldehyde and used as an adhesive... 

Burgundy pitch. A resin obtained from Norway spruce or European silver fir. Other types, e.g., that from various species of pines, are also offered under this name. Characterized by extreme tackiness, soluble in acetone and alcohol. Used to some extent in surgeons tape and various special adhesive compositions. 

Bark beetle-host tree associations are ancient, which may explain why different beetle species prefer or are even restricted to certain hosts (rev. ). Beetles seem to be able to tolerate the resin components of host trees, but not those from non-host trees, suggesting that detoxification mechanisms for different beetle species are tuned to their host trees. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that bark beetle feeding may contribute to compositional variation of resin within different pine... 

DELORME, L., LIEUTIER, F., Monoterpene composition of the preformed and induced resins of scots pine, and their effect on bark beetles and associated fungi, Eur. J. Forest Path., 1990,20, 304-316. 

Pine charcoal is nearly ideal for the glitter effects and is suitable for many spark effects. The structure of pine varies as the soft spring wood is replaced with the hard and resinous summer wood. The soft spring wood produces a fast reacting charcoal and therefore fast burning compositions. The hard summer wood produces a moderate to slow charcoal and it is this part of the pine charcoal which is found in the... 

Turpentine oil [8006-64-2] (DIN 53248). Only pure ethereal oil obtained from the distillation of the resinous secretion of living pine trees, and from which no valuable constituents (e.g., pinene) have been extracted, may be used as balsam terpentine oil (RAL, Sheet 848C). All turpentine oils obtained in any other way must be specially labelled with details of their source. Oils of turpentine from different countries differ in composition. American and Greek oils contain predominantly D-pinene, whereas French, Spanish, and Portuguese oils contain L-pinene. 

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