Scots pine

Impermeable timbers have a good resistance to polluted atmospheres where acid fumes rapidly attack steel. Wood has given excellent service in the buildings of chemical works and railway stations. Permeable wood species and sapwood can suffer defibration problems caused by the sulphur dioxide of industrial atmospheres. Tile battens are particularly vulnerable. The heartwood of Douglas fir, pitch pine, larch, Scots pine/European redwood and many tropical hardwoods give good service in these conditions. 

Willfor, S., Sjoholm, R., Laine, C., and Holmbom, B. (2002) Stmctural features of water-soluble arabinogalactans from Norway spmce and Scots pine heartwood. /. Wood Sci. Technol, 36, 101-110. 

Kinloch, B. B., Westfall, R. D., and Forrest G. 1. 1986. Caledonian Scots pine origins, and genetic structure. New Phytologist 104 117-130. 

Manninen, A.-M., Vuorinen, M. and Holopainen, J. K. 1998. Variation in growth, chemical defense, and herbivore resistance in Scots pine provenances. J. Chem. Ecol. 24 1315-1331. 

Sinclair, W. T., Morman, J., and Ennos, R. 1998. Multiple origins for Scots pine (Pinus sylves-tris L.) in Scotland evidence from mitochondrial DNA variation. Heredity 80 233-240. Skoula, M., Abidi, C. and Kokkalou, E. 1996. Essential oil variation of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas growing wild in Crete (Greece). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 24 255-260. 

Sarand I, S Timonen, E-L Nurmiaho-Lassila, T Koivula, K Haatela, M Romantschuk, R Sen (1998) Microbial biofilms and catabolic plasmid harbouring degradative fluorescent pseudomonads in Scots pine mycor-rhizospheres developed on petroleum contaminated soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 27 115-126. 

T. Person, E. Baiith, M. Clarholm, H. Lundkvist, B. E. Soderstrom, and B. Sohlen-ius. Trophic structure, biomass dynamics and carbon metabolism of soil organisms in a Scots pine fore.st. Ecol. Bull. i2 4l9 (1980). 

R. Sen, Isozymic identification of individual ectomycorrhizas synthesized between Scots pine (Finns. sylvestris L.) and isolates of two species of Suilliis. New Phytol. 4 617 (1990). 

Many studies have reported the effects of metals on general soil microbiological processes. Metals including cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc have been reported to inhibit many of the microbial processes listed above. Metal toxicity in the environment ultimately decreases litter decomposition, which can be measured by the rate of mass loss. Both copper (0.5 mg Cu g4 soil) and zinc (1.0 mg Zn g 1 soil) were shown to decrease the rate of decomposition of unpolluted Scots pine needle litter near a brass mill in Sweden.61 Duarte et al.63 also determined that copper and zinc toxicity reduced leaf decomposition rates and fungal reproduction. Other metals, such as cadmium, nickel, and lead, have also been reported to decrease litter decomposition.77... 

Litter decomposition Cu2+ 0.50 mg/g soil Indigenous community Scots pine needle litter 61... 

Berg, B., Ekbohm, G., Soderstrom, B., and Staaf, H., Reduction of decomposition rates of Scots pine needle litter due to heavy-metal pollution, Water, Air, Soil Pollut, 59 (1), 165-177, 1991. 

Consequently, and in order to have a material which could be compared with spruce native lignin, sound samples of the softwood, white Scots pine, were infected with the brown rot"... 

Table 2. The Effect of Decay by Lentinus lepideus on the Chemical Composition of White Scots Pine (98).

Finally, in order to establish unequivocally the identity of the native and residual lignin of white Scots pine wood, the sound wood was first extracted with ethyl alcohol to remove the native lignin fraction. The extracted wood was then decayed by means of the brown rot fungi,... 

Table 4. Comparison of Lignins Isolated from Sound and from Decayed (Lenlinus lepideus) White Scots Pine (79).

Table 5- Comparison of the Native and Enzymatically Liberated Lignins from White Scots Pine with Spruce Native Lignin (99).

Spruce Native Lignins White Scots Pine Native White Scots Pine Liberated... 

Consequently, the native and enzymatically liberated lignins from white Scots pine, oak, birch, maple, kiri1 wood and bagasse were oxidized with nitrobenzene in alkali. The method of Stone 113) was applied quantitatively in this study. The amount of each degradation product obtained from each of the lignins is listed in Table 12 110). 

The band at 280 mp persists in spite of such alterations in the molecule as are caused by inethylation, acetylation and treatment with sodium hydroxide. However, the absorption of the phenylhydrazones of spruce (33) and white Scots pine native lignins 111) are peculiar in that a second maximum occurs at 352 mp. Glading (33) suggests that the carbonyl group in spruce native lignin is highly enolized, and, therefore,... 

Scots Pine Native Lignin Aspen Native Lignin ... 

Fig. 5 A—D. A White Scots Pine Native Lignin B Birch Native Lignin C Oak Native Lignin D Maple...

Fig. 6. i Oak Native Lignin after four precipitations 2 Oak Native Lignin aftereight precipitations 3 and 4 White Scots Pine Native Lignin. 

In Table 15 are recorded the dissociation constants of certain phenolic compounds. From these data it becomes obvious that the introduction of aldehyde groups, or other substituents, changes the dissociation constant of phenolic hydroxyls by over one-hundred fold. Moreover, oxidation studies carried out in this laboratory have shown that the native lignins from bagasse, white Scots pine and birch contain... 

Recent determinations carried out by W. J. Schubert and Mary Bolton in this laboratory indicate the following molecular weights for certain of our lignin samples native White Scots pine Si 5, enzymatically liberated White Scots pine 695, native Oak 910, enzymatically liberated Oak 855-... 

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