Spruce, Norway

SPRUCE, blue P. pungens Engelm.) SPRUCE, Norway P. abies [L.] Karst.) SPRUCE, white P. glauca [Moench.]... 

Some animals process plants to reduce defense compounds even before eating. The meadow vole M. pennsylvanicus cuts winter branches of white spruce, Norway spruce, white pine, and Norway pine and leaves them on the snow for 2-3 days before eating them. This reduces the levels of condensed tannins and other phenolics by one half, to their summer levels. A high level of protein 12%) and reduced phenolics (1.5% of dry matter) now render the food acceptable. It is not clear how the phenolics are being lost, possibly by polymerization or oxidation (Roy and Bergeron, 1990b). 

Innes and Boswell (1989b) also identified a relationship between the sulphur content of needles of Sitka spruce, Norway spruce and Scots... 

Fogal, W.H., G. Jobin, H.O. Schooley, S.J. Coleman and M.S. Wolynetz. 1996. Stem incorporation of gibberellins to promote sexual development of white spruce, Norway spruce, and jack pine. Can. J. For. Res. 26 186-195. 

Balsam-kraut, n. costmary moschatel. -pappel, /. balsam poplar, tacamahac. -taone, /. balsam fir (Abies balsamea) spruce (esp. Norway spruce, Picea abies). 

Rot-stift, m. red pencil, red crayon, -tanne, /. Norway spruce (Picea abiea). 

In recent years a lot of investigations have been made on this subject. E.g. Maciel and co-workers 41,42) found that several of the most prominent signals in the CP/M AS NMR spectra can be tentatively assigned for Norway spruce lignin to specific carbon atoms in the phenyl propane unit. Further also in the solid state the signals at about 105 ppm are indicative of hardwood. 

From bark, valuable chemicals, such as betulinol, can be obtained [5]. Betulinol is used as a health-promoting agent. Recently Holmbom et al. [27, 28] discovered that hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) is concentrated in the stems and knots of Norway spruce Picea abies). It can be extracted and transformed catalytically to matairesinol (MAT), which is an antioxidant and anticarcinogenic agent [29-31]. 

Willfor, S. and Holmbom, B. (2004) Isolation and characterization of water-soluble polysaccharides from Norway spruce and Scots pine. J. Wood Sci. Technol, 38, 173-179. 

L. Eltrop, Role of ectomycorrhiza in the mineral nutrition of Norway spruce (Picea ahies L.). Ph.D. thesis. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (1993). 

H. Mar.schner, M. Haussling, and E. George, Ammonium and nitrate uptake rates and rhizoshpere-pH in non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce [Picea ahies (L.) Karst.). Trees Struct. Funct. 5 14 (1991). 

B.-M. Finsching and N. Claassen, Root phosphatase activity and. soil organic phosphorus utilization by norway spruce [Pieea ahies (L.) Karst.]. Soil Biol. Bioehem. 28 4 1 (1996). 

M. Hiiussling and H. Marschner, Organic and inorganic soil phosphate and acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of 80-year-old Norway spruce Picea ahies (L.) Karst] trees. Biol. Fertil. Soils (1 128 (1989). 

Courchesne F., Gobran G.R. Mineralogical variations of bulk and rhizosphere soils from a Norway spruce stand, southwestern Sweden. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1997 61 1245-1249. 

Smolander A, Kitunen V, Malkonen E (2001) Dissolved soil organic nitrogen and carbon in a Norway spruce stand and in an adjacent clear-cut. Biol Fertil Soils 33 190-196... 

Of all of the machines used for microanalysis LAMMA seems to be the most problematic. A laser beam is used to disintegrate a spot in the sample, and the material emitted is then analyzed in a mass spectrometer. It has similar lateral resolution to PIXE, and like SIMS can be used to distinguish between isotopes of the same element. It has, however, proved very difficult to quantify, and is destructive to the specimen. One recent investigation (13) ofthe distribution of stable isotopes of calcium, magnesium, and potassium in Norway spruce used three microprobes EDAX at 0.3 pm lateral resolution isotope specific point analysis, using LAMMA at 1.5 pm lateral resolution and isotope specific imaging using SIMS at 1-3 pm lateral resolution. 

Tillman-Sutela E, Kauppi A. Calcium oxalate crystals in the mature seeds of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Trees 1999 13 131-137. 

Godbold DL, Jentschke G. Aluminium accumulation in root cell walls coincides with inhibition of root growth hut not with inhibition of magnesium uptake in Norway spruce. Physiol Plant 1998 102 553-560. 

Prohaska, T., Stadlbauer, C., Wimmer, R., et al. (1998). Investigation of element variability in tree rings of young Norway spruce by laser-ablation-ICPMS. Science of the Total Environment 219 29-39. 

Rapp etal. (1999) nsed electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to study the microdistribution of MMF resin in the cell wall in Norway spruce. The authors noted that althongh SEM-EDXA was snitable for determining whether penetration into the cell wall had occurred, the relatively large excitation volnme precluded accurate quantitative determination of the distribntion of material in the cell wall. They therefore examined the suitability of TEM-EELS as a method for determining the cell wall distribntion of resin. The use of EELS in combination with TEM allows for determination of light elements, such... 

Boonstra, M.G., Pizzi, A., Tekely, P. and Pendlebury, J. (1996). Chemical modification of Norway spruce and Scots pine. A C NMR CP-MAS study of the reactivity of polymeric wood components with acetic anhydride. Holzforschung, 50(3), 215-220. 

The technique of CPC was also employed as a key step in the purification of 26 phenolic compounds from the needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies, Pinaceae). An aqueous extract of needles (5.45 g) was separated with the solvent system CHCl3-Me0H-i-Pr0H-H20 (5 6 1 4), initially with the lower phase as mobile phase and then subsequently switching to the upper phase as mobile phase. Final purification of the constituent flavonol glycosides, stilbenes, and catechins was by gel filtration and semipreparative HPLC. °... 

Slimestad, R. et al., Syringetin 3-0-(6 -acetyl)-(3-glucopyranoside and other flavonols from needles of Norway spruce, Picea abies. Phytochemistry, 40, 1537, 1995. 

Slimestad, R. and Hostettmann, K., Characterization of phenolic constituents from juvenile and mature needles of Norway spruce by means of high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Phytochem. Anal, 7, 42, 1996. 

Strack, D. et al.. Structures and accumulation patterns of soluble and insoluble phenolics from Norway spruce needles. Phytochemistry, 28, 2071, 1989. 

Ots, K., Rauk, J. Mandre, M. 2000. The state of the forest ecosystem in the area of oil shale mining and processing. 2. Morphological characteristics of Norway Spruce. Oil Shale, 17, 168-183. 

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