NEW ZEALAND.FOREST

New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3200,... 

A Streptomyces strain isolated from Brazilian (Maytenus aquifolia) and South African (Putterlickia retrospinosa, Putterlickia verrucosa) plants has furnished celastramycin A (1212) (1225). A new isomer of the known rumbrin ( ) was isolated from an Australian soil ascomycete, Gymnoascus reessii, and named (12 ,)-isorumbrin (1213) (1226). Somewhat earlier, the three related auxarconju-gatins A, B, and (3 Z)-A (1214-1216) were characterized from an Arizona soil microorganism Auxarthron conjugatum (1227). A basidiomycete fungus from a New Zealand forest, Chamonixia pachydermis, produces pachydermin (1217) (1228). 

New Zealand Forest Products, Ltd., Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand P. LUNER... 

Interest in pine bark as a source of adhesive components began to accelerate following the oil crisis of 1973. Sodium hydroxide extracts of southern pine bark were successfully used in replacing up to 40% of the phenolic resin for bonding of particleboards, oriented strandboards, and composites with a flakeboard core and veneer facing (50f51). Similar results were obtained with extracts from patula pine (52). Encouraged by results of this type, the New Zealand Forest Products Ltd. Corporation expanded their radiata pine bark tannin pilot plant to full-scale operation in 1981 to produce an extract trademarked Tannaphen. This material was crosslinked with paraformaldehyde and used as an adhesive... 

Adya P. Singh Wood Products Division, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Rotorua, New Zealand... 

E. A. Dunningham, compilers), FRI Bulletin No. 176, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, 1992, pp. 77-86. 

Rogiers, L.M. (1995). Adjuvants and efficacy, in New Trends in the Formulation of Adjuvants, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, 3-6 October, 1995, Melbourne, Australia, Forest Research Institute Bulletin, No. 193, R.E. Gastein (Ed.), New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Toturua, New Zealand,... 

Wardle, P., Coleman, M. C. 1992. Evidence for rising upper limits of four native New Zealand forest trees. N. Z. J. Bot. 30 303-314. 

Figure 9.1. Field tests, also known as graveyard trials, as used to establish the durabihty of untreated heartwood of various timbers and also to determine the effectiveness of a variety of preservative systems (unpubl. courtesy New Zealand Forest Research Institute).

Harris JM (1961) The dimensional stability, shrinkage intersection point and related properties of New Zealand timbers. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, Technical Paper No. 36... 

Seale D (2004) TimTek technology. Conference on Wood Utilization Solutions to Hazardous Fuels. December 14-15, Spokane, Washington Sellers T (1985) Plywood and Adhesive Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York Shelboume CJA (1997) Genetics of adding value to the end-products of radiata pine. In Burdon RD and Moore JM (ed), lUFRO 97 Genetics of Radiata Pine. New Zealand, Forest Research Institute Bulletin No. 203, 129-41 Shen KC (1988) Binderless composite products. In Burdon RD (ed) Proceedings of the Composite Wood Products Symposium. New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Bulletin Bulletin 153 105-7... 

Williams DH and Kininmonth JA (1984) High-temperature kiln drying of radiata pine sawn timber. New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute Bulletin 73 Williams LH (1990) Potential benefits of diffusible preservatives for wood protection an analysis with emphasis on building timbers. First International Conference on Wood Protection with Diffusible Preservatives. Forest Products Research Society, 29-34 Williamson TG (ed) (2002) APA Engineered Wood Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY Williston EM (1981) Small log sawmills profitable product selection, process design and operation. Miller Freeman, San Francisco... 

McGlone, M. S. 1997. The response of New Zealand forest diversity to Quaternary climates. PP. 73-80. In Past and Future Rapid Environmental Changes The spatial and Evolutionary Responses of Terrestrial Biota. (B. Huntley, W. Cramer, A. V. Morgan, H. C. Prentice, and J. R. M. Allen Eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Chen, C.R., Condron, L.M., Davis, M.R. and Sherlock, R.R. (2003) Seasonal changes in soil phosphorus and associated microbial properties under adjacent grassland and forest in New Zealand. Forest Ecology and Management 1 77, 539-557. 

Qiao L Easteal A F Bolt C F Coveny P K Franich R A Auckland,University Coatings Resins International Ltd. New Zealand,Forest Research Institute... 

Figure 8.1 Possible strategies to control the material behavior in the axial direction at the cell and cell wall level, (a) Increase of stiffness and strength by thicker cell walls (tissue density), (b) Change of cellulose microfibril angle, (c) Alteration of matrix stiffness for a given high microfibril angle. Adapted from Eder et 2009, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited.

A similar climate exists for development of adhesives from Pinus radiata bark in Australia and New Zealand. A 22 ton/day bark extraction plant was built by New Zealand Forest Products Ltd. at Kinleith, New Zealand. These extracts have proved to be more difficult to use than wattle tannin due to their comparatively high molecular weight, the high viscosity of most extract preparations, their rapid rate of reaction with formaldehyde, and the often higher proportion of carbohydrate impurities. Current information (L. J. Porter, 1987) is that production of tannin by New Zealand Forest Products Ltd. has now ceased. In an attempt to make more uniform extracts with lower proportions of carbohydrates, ultrafiltration (257, 258) fractionation on Amberlite XAD-B gel (239), and fermentation (220) purifications have been investigated. Various reactions such as sulfonation and either acid- or base-catalyzed cleavage have been employed to reduce the viscosity of these extracts. A number of adhesive formulations based on P radiata bark extracts have been developed. However, technical difficulties continue to inhibit the commercial use of Pinus radiata bark extracts in wood adhesives. 

New Zealand Forest Products Ltd. continued their research on the use of radi-ata pine tannins and had a 1 ton/day pilot plant operating by 1974 and a full-scale plant in operation from mid-1981 to 1987. These tannin extracts were marketed under the trade name Tannaphen (Woo, 1982, personal communication). The extracts were used in bonding of both plywood (described below) and particle board. The Tannaphen extract (100 parts) is combined with a defoamer (0.5 parts), paraformaldehyde (6-10 parts), and parafin wax (10 parts) it is sprayed on wood chips at a loading of 10% to 12% by weight of solids on the face and 7% to 9% by weight of solids on the core particles. Panels 20 mm thick are pressed for 7 minutes at 170°C to obtain panels with the properties shown in Table 10.3.4. These panels were marketed primarily as a flooring material in New Zealand. While not classified as exterior panels, these Tannaphen-bonded boards re-... 

Woo (1982, personal communication) has described the exterior plywood adhesive formulation based on Tannaphen and used commercially by New Zealand Forest Products Ltd. since 1981 as Tannaphen - 56 parts, a phenol-formaldehyde fortifying resin - 21 parts, olivestone flour - 18 parts, and paraformaldehyde - 5 parts on weight of solids. These adhesives are tolerant of open assembly times of 20 minutes, closed assembly times of up to 4 hours, and veneer moisture contents of up to 15%. Both shear strengths and wood failure were comparatively high even after 5 weeks in water at 25 °C. 

SweeL G.B., and I.J. ThuUn. 1963. The performance of six provenances of Finns banksiana in a 7-year-old trial in New Zealand. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand Research Leaflet No. 2. 3 pp. 

Alfredsson, H., L.M. Codron, M. Clarholm and M.R. Davis. 1998. Changes in soil acidity and organic matter following the establishment of conifers on former grasslands in New Zealand. Forest Ecology and Management 112 245-252. 

Ledgard, N.J., and E.R. Langer. 1999. Wilding Prevention. Guidelines for Minimising the Risk of Unwanted Wilding Spread from New Plantings of Introduced Conifers. New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand. 

J. M. Warnes, and A. ernyhough. Plastic-fiber composite products/pellets used as feedstock in e.g. plastic manufacture, are obtained by breaking down lignocellulosic material or natural fiber, applying binder formulation and forming pellets or granules. New Zealand Forest Res Inst Ltd (2011). 

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