Resin defense

Plant Defense Preformed and Induced Resin Defense by Pine Trees (Original Contribution by Fred Stephen, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas and Timothy D. Paine, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside)... 

FALDT, J., MARTIN, D., MILLER, B., RAWAT, S., BOHLMANN, J., Traumatic resin defense in Norway spruce Picea abies) Methyl jasmonate-induced terpene... 

PAINE, T.D., BLANCHE, C.A., NEBEKER, T.E., STEPHEN, F.M., Composition of loblolly pine resin defenses Comparison of monoterpenes from induced lesion and sapwood resin. Can. J. Forest Res., 1987,17, 1202-1206. 

Lombardero MJ, Ayres MP, Ayres BD (2006) Effects of fire and mechanical wounding on Pinus resinosa resin defenses, beetle attacks, and pathogens. Forest Ecol Manag 225(l-3) 349-358. doi 10.1016/J.Foreco.2006.01.010... 

Faldt J, Martin D, Miller B, Rawat S, Bohlmann J (2003) Traumatic resin defense in Norway spruce (Picea abies). methyl jasmonate-induced terpene synthase gene expression, and cDNA cloning and functional characterization of (+)-3-carene synthase. Plant Mol Biol 51(1) 119-133... 

Phillips, M.A. and Croteau, R.E. (1999). Resin-based defenses in conifers. Trends in Plant Science Reviews 4 184-190. 

Teflon Fluorocarbon Resin, for instance was discovered in 1938. The substance was produced on a small scale throughout World War II for defense applications. It became commercially available in 1948, but did not gain public recognition until 1961 when it was used as a lining for nonstick frying pans. Today, Teflon coats chemical process equipment, insulates electrical equipment, coats the blades of tools, protects buildings from earthquakes and is used as a material in... 

Villarroel, L. et al., Heliotropium huascoense resin exudates chemical constituents and defensive properties, J. Nat. Prod., 64, 1123, 2001. 

Carbon metabolism differs fundamentally from nitrogen metabolism In that virtually all nitrogenous compounds can be recycled within the plant, whereas most of the structural components of the plant, principally cellulose and lignin, are not reusable. There are also putative defensive compounds In this category such as leaf-external resins (32) and possibly some condensed tannins. Thus the constraints on allocation have both an Immediate and future time frame. 

Thermoset resins covers an extremely wide range, including phenol formaldehyde polymers, aminopolymers, PUs, epoxies, and thermoset polyesters, which include the alkyd and unsaturated vinyl ester resins. Of special interest at the present time are those that comprise the resin component of liber-reinforced composites that are finding increasing use in commercial and defense sectors, where fire resistance is of paramount importance. Typical resins used are those listed in Table 2.4 along with typical, respective LOI values in descending order of increased inherent fire resistance. 

Figure 8 Volatile monoterpenoids often found in conifer resins, essential oils, and glandular trichomes that function as defense chemicals of plants against insect herbivores.

Diterpene resin acids are abundantly produced in conifers of the pine family (Pinaceae) and in other plant species (Fig. 6). They are produced in the epithelial cells that surround the resin ducts that are found constitutively, or they are induced in the xylem upon wounding and are important for the physical and chemical plant defenses against herbivores and pathogens (18, 40). Industrially, diterpene resin acids are important chemicals for the naval stores industry, in printing inks, as potential antimicrobials and pharmaceuticals, and are byproducts of wood pulping processes. 

SNF constitutes about half of the HLW in the United States. The other half comes from the construction and existence of nuclear weapons. All HLW is a federal responsibility. About 90% of the radioactivity in nuclear waste is from HLW. The largest volume of nuclear waste is low-level waste (LLW) and that is mostly the responsibihty of the state (or group of states) in which it is generated. LLW is rather awkwardly defined, being everything that is neither HLW nor defense waste and consists of wastes from hospitals pharmaceutical labs research labs and the moon suits, tools, and the like from nuclear power plants. In the eastern United States, most of the LLW is in the form of the plastic beads that make up the ion-exchange resins used in nuclear power plants to clean various loops of water used in power production. 

The defensive molecules of plants, often called secondary substances, are probably derived evolu-tionarily from materials with a basic metabolic function. Some continue to serve more than one function, e.g. defense, providing structure and, perhaps, controlling water loss (some plant resins). Unlike molecules that are necessary to basic cellular metabolism, secondary substances are strikingly different... 

---