Pine pitch

Kien-ol, n. pine oil, oil of turpentine, -pech, n. pine pitch, -russ, m. pine soot (form of lampblack). -stock, m. Metal.) carcass, -teer, m. pine tar. 

Figure 8.5 Oxidation and thermal degradation pathway leading to the formation of the characteristic compounds present in pine pitch...

The first results encouraged the authors to analyse, by headspace SPME, substances mentioned in ancient texts or hieroglyphics as components of embalming fluids [true resins such as mastic, labdanum and pine resin or pine pitch and gum resins such as olibanum, myrrh and galbanum] [27, 28] with the aim of finding characteristic chemical compounds for each type of resin or gum resin. 

The method allowed the authors to characterise a pine pitch (viscous tar derived from the distillation of wood of pine trees). The main constituents detected by headspace SPME result from the pyrolysis of the lignin, guaiacol (11) and its p-w-alkyl derivatives [methyl... 

Peak no. Compound Rla Olibanum Myrrh Galba num Labda num Mastic Resin of Pinus pinea Pine pitch Pitch from Fayoum Sample 1485 Sample 1627 Sample 1625... 

Labda Mastic Resin Pine Pitch Sample Sample Sample... 

The first sample, dating from the Ptolemaic period ( 300 BC), was found in a container from a tomb from Fayoum. The volatile compounds observed in this sample (see Table 10.1, column 11) were very similar to those of pine pitch. The two chromatograms are presented in Figure 10.21. The major compounds are guaiacol (11) and its para-n-alkyl derivatives (24, 35, 43) and the degradation products of diterpenic acids 19-norabieta-8,l 1,13-triene (95), 18-norabieta-8,11,13-triene (100), 10,18-bisnorabieta-5,7,9(10),ll,13-pentaene (102), retene (105) and methyldehydroabietate (106). The major compounds observed after... 

Figure 10.21 Total ion current chromatograms obtained after headspace SPME for (a) a pine pitch and (b) an archaeological pitch from Fayoum. Peak labels correspond to compound identification given in Table 10.1. Si, siloxanes (artefacts). Reproduced from S. Hamm, J. Bleton, A. Tchapla, J. Sep. Sci., 27, 235 243 (2004). Copyright Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KgaA. Reproduced with permission...

Beck, C.W. and Borromeo, C. (1990). Ancient pine pitch technological perspectives from a Hellenistic shipwreck. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 1 51-58. 

Parallel analyses by IR, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of organic remains adhering to shards of ancient amphoras excavated in the harbor of Carthage (Tunisia) identified these remains as pine pitches. Capillary GC of methylated acid fractions showed abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and 7-ketodehydroabietic acid as the principal components. Two-dimensional TLC of untreated ether extracts revealed abietic acid in 12 of 31 samples and dehydroabietic acid in 26 of 31 samples. IR spectra of solid, raw samples indicated the presence of isopropyl groups, characteristic of the abietane skeleton, in 80% of the samples. Rapid and convenient analysis by TLC and IR was, in most cases, sufficient to identify pine resin products even after extensive pyrolytic and oxidative degradation. 

Pitch is the residue after the distillation of volatile resin components in an open vessel. The material is typically black and is referred to as pix by Roman writers (I). When obtained from pine resin, it may be called pine pitch when obtained from other plant resins, it may be called more generally wood pitch. 

We cannot determine whether the abietic acid was lost during the manufacture of the pine pitch or during its depositional history. Loss during deposition is less likely, because almost all (six of seven) of the most recent samples (from the Byzantine period) were devoid of abietic acid. Of the five samples that showed neither of the resin acids by TLC (samples 5, 13, 23, 26, and 27), three (5,13, and 23) yielded IR spectra that revealed no isopropyl group. 

Three samples (4, 26, and 27) demonstrated the complementary rather than parallel functions of IR and TLC analyses in organic archaeometry. Organic materials were not revealed by IR in sample 4, but both abietic and dehydroabietic acids were detected by TLC in the same sample. Clearly, the resin acid concentrations were below the limit of detection of whole-resin IR spectroscopy but were sufficient for detection by TLC, Conversely, samples 26 and 27 showed neither acid by TLC but gave a clear indication of the isopropyl structure in the IR spectra. In this case, the IR technique was superior although the resin acids have been lost evidently (most likely by decarboxylation), the remaining neutral compounds retained the isopropyl group, a fact that allowed the identification of the samples as pine pitches. 

Sample 7 contained more than 20% unchanged abietic acid, more than 50% dehydroabietic acid, but very little 7-ketodehydroabietic acid. This composition is not expected of a pine pitch but of a pine resin that has been through slow disproportionation in an anaerobic environment. This residue is therefore that of a pine resin added to wine to make the retsina for which Greece was noted in antiquity as it is today. Sample 1 contained only 1% unchanged abietic acid, but more than half of the dehydroabietic acid was oxidized to 7-ketodehydroabietic acid, a finding that indicates the presence of air during the preparation of the pitch. 

Both IR spectroscopy and TLC are therefore appropriate for determining whether an organic residue or lining is pinaceous. This information is far from trivial because it limits the materials that a transport amphora must have contained. Oils dissolve pine pitch and are discolored by it a transport amphora lined with pine pitch cannot have been used to ship olive oil but may have contained wine, fruit, or preserved fish. 

Abietane skeleton, 375, 378 Abietic acid disproportionation, 375 loss in manufacture of pine pitch, 377 oxidation, 375 structure, 371... 

These minerals were ground into fine powders then mixed with a resin, such as pine pitch. An oil base was sometimes added by grinding certain seeds or extracted from animal fat. Paints were applied either by fingers or with brushes made from the shredded end of a stick, animal fur, or fibrous plant leaves. 

Poultices from crushed bulbs and olive oil. Salve from bulbs with pine pitch and deer tallow for lung and breast cancer. Milkweed (genus Ascelepias) milky latex for nose cancer. 

Simple Remedy for Piles. Take fresh white pine pitch m pills, from 12 to 20 a day, and sit in a tub of cold water 4 or 5 times a day, 30 minutes each time, for a month. A very obstinate case of piles was cured by this treatment. 

In view of the wide application of Py—GC in industry and research, the development of techniques and equipment for automatic analysis by this method is of great practical interest. An automatic Py—GC system was developed by Coulter and Thompson [69] for Curie-type cells with a filament for specific application in the tyre industry. A typical analysis involves the identification and determination of polymers in a tyre material sample. The material of a tyre is essentially a mixture of polymers, most often natural rubber (polyisoprene), synthetic polyisoprene, polybutadiene and butadiene-styrene copolymer. A tube is normally made of a material based on butyl rubber and a copolymer of isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene. In addition to the above ingredients, the material contains another ten to twelve, such as sulphur, zinc oxide, carbon black, mineral oil, pine pitch, resins, antioxidants, accelerators and stearic acid. In analysing very small samples of the tyre material, the chemist must usually answer the following question on the basis of which polymers is the tyre made and what is their ratio The problem is not made easier by the fact that cured rubber is not soluble in any solvent. 

Anti-stripping agents are chemical substances that have a similar composition to emulsifiers and are divided into (a) anionic type, such as organic acids (creosote) and fatty acids (oleic acid, stearic acid, pine pitch, etc.), and (b) cationic type, such as amines (simple amines, diamines, tertiary amines, polyamines and imidazolines) and salts of quaternary ammonium. 

Pine pitch n. Dark-colored to black solidified material, somewhat pliant and tenacious, obtained by distilling off practically all the volatile oil from a retort pine tar the genuine contains no added free rosin. 

Pitch, Archangel n. Originally a genuine pine pitch made from pine tar in the Archangel district of Russia in this country a similar product is made from residues of pine origin, blended with various oils to make a pitch for caulking boats. Its acidity is due mainly to rosin acids. 

Pine pitch, beeswax, plant oil [46] Adhesive from Egyptian opus sectile Pt-heated filament pyrolyzer HMDS Py temperature 550°C... 

Boosted largely by cost, floor space, and environmental concerns, no-clean fluxes now dominate printed circuit assembly. They are generally composed of rosins (e.g., natural acidic plant residues such as pine pitch) and/or resins. Often, but not exclusively, the term resin is used to denote a manmade rosin analog. 

Pitch, Archangel n Originally a genuine pine pitch made from pine tar in the Archangel district of Russia in this... 

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