Pharmaceutical productivity

Crude chlorophyll is prepared commercially from alfalfa meal or nettles by extraction with alcohol and partition into benzene. It is used as a colouring matter, particularly for foods and pharmaceutical products. 

Occurs in the high-boiling fraction of coal tar. Most conveniently prepared by Skraup s reaction by healing a mixture of aniline, glycerol, sulphuric acid and nitrobenzene. Used in the manufacture of dyestuffs, and pharmaceutical products. 

Typical examples of solid samples include large particulates, such as those found in ores smaller particulates, such as soils and sediments tablets, pellets, and capsules used in dispensing pharmaceutical products and animal feeds sheet materials, such as polymers and rolled metals and tissue samples from biological specimens. 

Therapeutics. Compounds containing the furan or tetrahydrofuran ring are biologically active and are present in a number of pharmaceutical products. Eurfurjdamine [617-89-0] is an intermediate in the diuretic, furosemide. Tetrahydrofurfurylamine [4795-29-3] may also have pharmaceutical applications. 5-(E)imethyiaininomethyi)furfuryi alcohol [15433-79-17 is an intermediate in the preparation of ranitidine, which is used for treating ulcers. 2-Acet5dfuran [1192-62-7] prepared from acetic anhydride and furan is an intermediate in the synthesis of cefuroxime, a penicillin derivative. 2-Euroic acid is prepared by the oxidation of furfural. Both furoic acid [88-14-2] and furoyl chloride [527-69-5] are used as pharmaceutical intermediates. 

Adrenal Cortical Hormones" under "Hormones" in ECT 1st ed., VoL 7, pp. 495—513, by H. B. MacPhUlamy, Ciba Pharmaceutical Products and T. F. Gallagher, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research "Steroids with Cortical Hormone Activity" in ECT 1st SuppL, pp. 849—888, by G. Aimer and A. Wettstein, Ciba Limited, Basle "Adrenal-Cortical Hormones" under "Hormones" in ECT 2nd ed., Vol. 11, pp. 77—93, by W. R. Ebedein, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia in ECT 3rd ed., Vol 12, pp. 575—602, by V. Petrow, Consultant. 

Analytical and control methods for acetic anhydride are fully discussed in reference 55. Performance tests are customarily used where the quality of the product is cmcial, as in food or pharmaceutical products. Typical specifications are ... 

The combined pharmaceutical appHcations account for an estimated 25% of DMF consumption. In the pharmaceutical industry, DMF is used in many processes as a reaction and crystallizing solvent because of its remarkable solvent properties. For example, hydrocortisone acetate [50-03-3] dihydrostreptomycin sulfate [5490-27-7] and amphotericin A [1405-32-9] are pharmaceutical products whose crystallization is faciHtated by the use of DMF. Itis also a good solvent for the fungicide griseofulvin/72%(97-< 7 and is used in its production. 

Human blood plasma contains over 700 different proteins (qv) (1). Some of these are used in the treatment of illness and injury and form a set of pharmaceutical products that have become essential to modem medicine (Table 1). Preparation of these products is commonly referred to as blood plasma fractionation, an activity often regarded as a branch of medical technology, but which is actually a process industry engaged in the manufacture of speciaUst biopharmaceutical products derived from a natural biological feedstock (see Pharmaceuticals). 

Pharmaceutical. Ion-exchange resins are useful in both the production of pharmaceuticals (qv) and the oral adrninistration of medicine (32). Antibiotics (qv), such as streptomycin [57-92-17, neomycin [1404-04-2] (33), and cephalosporin C [61-24-5] (34), which are produced by fermentation, are recovered, concentrated, and purified by adsorption on ion-exchange resins, or polymeric adsorbents. Impurities are removed from other types of pharmaceutical products in a similar manner. Resins serve as catalysts in the manufacture of intermediate chemicals. 

Other uses include use as a reaction and extraction solvent in pharmaceutical production as an intermediate for the preparation of catalysts, antioxidants (qv), and perfumes and as a feedstock in the production of methyl isopropenyl ketone, 2,3-butanedione, and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Concern has also arisen at the large volume of exported MEK which has been covertly diverted and used to process cocaine in Latin American countries... 

Applications. These materials are stiU in developmental infancy. Current production is limited to one commercial process in Europe and a demonstration-scale process in North America. The lignins produced in these processes have potential appHcation in wood adhesives, as flame retardants (qv), as slow-release agents for agricultural and pharmaceutical products, as surfactants (qv), as antioxidants (qv), as asphalt extenders, and as a raw material source for lignin-derived chemicals. 

The ratio of a-lactose [10039-26-6] and P-lactose in dry milk and whey varies according to the speed and temperature of drying. An aqueous solution at equiHbrium at 25°C contains 35% a- and 63% -lactose. The latter is more soluble and sweeter than DL-lactose and is obtained by heating an 80% DL-lactose [63-42-3] solution above 93.5°C, foUowed by drying on a dmm or roUer dryer. Lactose is used for foods and pharmaceutical products. 

Uses of oxalic acid ia each region are summarized in Table 5 (58). The demand for agrochemical/pharmaceutical production and for separation/recovery of rare-earth elements in each region has been increasing. The use for marble polishing in western Europe is unique to the region. 

The principal OTC pharmaceutical products include cold remedies, vitamins and mineral preparations, antacids, analgesics, topical antibiotics, antiftingals and antiseptics, and laxatives. Others include suntan products, ophthalmic solutions, hemorrhoidal products, sleep aids, and dermatological products for treatment of acne, dandmff, insect parasites, bums, dry skin, warts, and foot care products (11). More recent prescription-to-OTC switches have included hydrocortisone, antihistamine and decongestant products, antiftingal agents, and, as of 1995, several histamine H2-receptor antagonists. 

Whereas the worldwide production of 2inc oxide [1314-13-2] is estimated to be around 500,000 t aimuaHy, only about 75,000—100,000 t are used for pigmentary appHcations by the paint industry. About 250,000 t are consumed by the mbber industry, and the rest is used in the production of plastics, paper, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, ceramics, and glass (see Zinc compounds). 

Sodium nitrate is also used in formulations of heat-transfer salts for he at-treatment baths for alloys and metals, mbber vulcanization, and petrochemical industries. A mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate is used to capture solar energy (qv) to transform it into electrical energy. The potential of sodium nitrate in the field of solar salts depends on the commercial development of this process. Other uses of sodium nitrate include water (qv) treatment, ice melting, adhesives (qv), cleaning compounds, pyrotechnics, curing bacons and meats (see Food additives), organics nitration, certain types of pharmaceutical production, refining of some alloys, recovery of lead, and production of uranium. 

Carotenoids are also used as pigments and dietary supplements in animals and poultry feedstuffs. They are added to pharmaceutical products to provide a form of control during manufacturing and to distinguish one product from another. They also enhance the aesthetic aspects of the products (210). 

Other Pharmaceuticals. Other pharmaceutical products incorporating the thiophene ring include the antiasthmatic dmg Ketotifen [34580-13-7] (Sandoz) (53), which is particularly marketed in Japan. The antifungal dmg Tioconazole [65899-73-2] (Pfizer) (54) is based on... 

A study was conducted to measure the concentration of D-fenfluramine HCl (desired product) and L-fenfluramine HCl (enantiomeric impurity) in the final pharmaceutical product, in the possible presence of its isomeric variants (57). Sensitivity, stabiUty, and specificity were enhanced by derivatizing the analyte with 3,5-dinitrophenylisocyanate using a Pirkle chiral recognition approach. Analysis of the caUbration curve data and quaUty assurance samples showed an overall assay precision of 1.78 and 2.52%, for D-fenfluramine HCl and L-fenfluramine, with an overall intra-assay precision of 4.75 and 3.67%, respectively. The minimum quantitation limit was 50 ng/mL, having a minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 10, with relative standard deviations of 2.39 and 3.62% for D-fenfluramine and L-fenfluramine. 

Pharmaceutical Products. Rhc ne-Poulenc offers a flaked technical-grade vanillin, Vaniltek, to be used in pharmaceutical appHcations. The single largest use for vanillin is as a starting material for the manufacture of an antihypertensive dmg having the chemical name of Methyldopa or L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylalanine. 

Various aspects of the chromatography of vitamin B 2 and related corrinoids have been reviewed (59). A high performance Hquid chromatographic (hplc) method is reported to require a sample containing 20—100 p.g cyanocobalamin and is suitable for premixes, raw material, and pharmaceutical products (60). 

Benzylarnine, [100-46-9] CgH CH2NH2 (bp, 184°C at 101.3 kPa) produced by reaction of ammonia with benzaldehyde and hydrogenation of the resulting Schiffs base, is used as the raw material for the production of biotin (Vitamin H), as an intermediate for certain photographic materials, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of certain pharmaceutical products. 

Dibenzjiamine, [103-49-17, CgH CH2NHCH2CgH (bp, 300°C at 101.3 kPa) is produced by reaction of benzyl amine with benzaldehyde and hydrogenation of the Schiffs base. It is used in mbber and tire compounding, as a corrosion inhibitor, and as an intermediate in the production of mbber compounds and pharmaceutical products. 

Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals account for 6% of the Hquid-phase activated carbon consumption (74). Many antibiotics, vitarnins, and steroids are isolated from fermentation broths by adsorption onto carbon foUowed by solvent extraction and distillation (82). Other uses in pharmaceutical production include process water purification and removal of impurities from intravenous solutions prior to packaging (83). 

Nitrilotriacetonitrile [628-87-5], N(CH2CN)2, a precursor to nitrilotriacetic acid [139-13-9], N(CH2COOH)2, can be prepared from the reaction of formaldehyde cyanohydrin with ammonia (26). Formaldehyde cyanohydrin is also used as an intermediate in pharmaceutical production. Commercial formaldehyde cyanohydrin is available as a 70% aqueous solution stabiLhed by phosphoric acid. 

D. Jaconia, Preservatives in Pharmaceutical Products in Quality Control in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., 1972. 

Dissociation extraction is the process of using chemical reac tion to force a solute to transfer from one liquid phase to another. One example is the use of a sodium hydroxide solution to extract phenolics, acids, or mercaptans from a hydrocarbon stream. The opposite transfer can be forced by adding an acid to a sodium phenate stream to spring the phenolic back to a free phenol that can be extrac ted into an organic solvent. Similarly, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines can be protonated with a strong acid to transfer the amine into a water solution, for example, as an amine hydrochloride salt. Conversely, a strong base can be added to convert the amine salt back to free base, which can be extracted into a solvent. This procedure is quite common in pharmaceutical production. 

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