Finished pharmaceutical products costs

This greatly increased the cost and the risk associated with the discovery and introduction of new chemical entities. This change was absorbed by the industry and set the stage for the next major shift in policy that came in the middle 1970s. This was the establishment of current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs) for the manufacture of pharmaceutical actives as well as the finished pharmaceutical products. 

Another reason why inventories might be maintained at higher levels in the pharmaceutical industry compared to other industries is that the pharmaceutical industry has historically been more profitable than many other industries. If a sale is lost because of lack of inventory, the opportunity cost is significant. The cost of the finished good is relatively small compared to the selling price of the pharmaceutical product. 

Effluent is associated not just with many process industries, as has been illustrated above in the case of the textile finishing industry, but also with most aspects of our urban existence. The need to treat effluent arises for several reasons. Some effluents can be transformed into useful products, such as feedstock for animals or even pharmaceutical products the ability to concentrate effluent, particularly in an energy-efficient manner, can reduce disposal costs and the ability to recycle effluents, once separated from less desirable components, can also be economically beneficial. The link between effluent treatment and PI is strong and growing, as the above influences become the subject of legislation or economic necessity. The range of techniques that can be used to aid clean-up covers both active and passive intensification methods. Included below are several examples including the use of ultrasound already dealt with in a number of process uses in this chapter. 

The economic value of food, feed, and biotech pharmaceuticals is enormous. Although fermentation is a key step in the production of these products, it contributes only a small part to the total cost. This is illustrated by antibiotics. The market value of the finished drug is certainly much higher than US 20 billion per year. A toll manufacturer... 

Said with some cynicism, a typical pharmaceutical operation produces both products and paper. The paper production is the "hidden factory" which some people estimate to be as costly as the "real factory". Documentation of an operation must be an integral part of the operation itself. This is, of course, a huge simplification, but it illustrates a very important point. The physical input and output from an operation not only includes raw materials and finished products but also documentation. Inside the operation, the "hidden production" of paper have many similarities to the "real production" of products (Figure 1.1). 

The use of natural products such as chitosan [2] and natural dyes [3-4] for antimicrobial finishing of textile materials has been widdy reported. Other natural herbal products such as Aloe Vera, Tea Tree oil. Eucalyptus oil, Tulsi leaf (Pcimum basilicum) extracts etc. can also be used for this purpose, as there is a vast source of medicinal plants with active antimicrobial ii dients. Althoi there are many natural products rich in antimicrobial agents but tiie work on the exploration of their use in textiles is very limited and not well documented. The relatively lower incidence of adverse reactions to herbal products compared to modem synthetic pharmaceuticals, coupled with their reduced cost, can be... 

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