Human blood plasma

Human blood plasma contains over 700 different proteins (qv) (1). Some of these are used in the treatment of illness and injury and form a set of pharmaceutical products that have become essential to modem medicine (Table 1). Preparation of these products is commonly referred to as blood plasma fractionation, an activity often regarded as a branch of medical technology, but which is actually a process industry engaged in the manufacture of speciaUst biopharmaceutical products derived from a natural biological feedstock (see Pharmaceuticals). 

Ceruloplasmin (from human blood plasma) [9031-37-2] Mr 134,000. This principle Cu transporter (90-90% of circulating Cu) is purified by precipitation with polyethylene glycol 4000, balchwise adsorption and elution from QAE-Sephadex, and gradient elution from DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. Ceruloplasmin... 

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteins (TIMP, from human blood plasma), Mr -30,000. 

The most important type of mixed solution is a buffer, a solution in which the pH resists change when small amounts of strong acids or bases are added. Buffers are used to calibrate pH meters, to culture bacteria, and to control the pH of solutions in which chemical reactions are taking place. They are also administered intravenously to hospital patients. Human blood plasma is buffered to pH = 7.4 the ocean is buffered to about pH = 8.4 by a complex buffering process that depends on the presence of hydrogen carbonates and silicates. A buffer consists of an aqueous solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base supplied as a salt, or a weak base and its conjugate acid supplied as a salt. Examples are a solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate and a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride. 

Frei B, England L, Amos B (1989) Ascorbate is an outstanding anti-oxidant in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 6377-6381... 

Yang H, Erdos E Second kininase in human blood plasma. Nature 1967 215 1402-1403. 

BURTON G w, JOYCE A and INGOLD K u (1983) First proof that vitamin E is the major hpid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma , Lancet, 2, 327-8. 

Schierle, J. et al.. Content and isomeric ratio of lycopene in food and human blood plasma. Food Chem., 59, 459, 1997. 

Burton, G., Joyce, A. and Ingold, K.U. (1983). Is vitamin E the only lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221, 281-290. 

Frei, B., Stocker, R. and Ames, B.N. (1988). Antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 9748-9752. 

Wayner, D., Burton, G., Ingold, K.U. and Locke, S. (1985). Quantitative measurement of total peroxyl radical trapping antioxidant capability of human blood plasma by controlled peroxidation. FEBS Lett. 187, 33-37. 

Wayner, D.D., Burton, G.W., Ingold, K.U., Barclay, L.R.C. and Locke, S.J. (1987). Antioxidants in human blood plasma. The relative contributions of vitamin E, urate, ascorbate and protein to the total radical trapping antioxidant activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 925, 408-413. 

It soon became apparent that the biologically active forms of Vitamin Bj.2 contained the unique Co—C-a-bond, and the instability of these covalent compounds to visible light facilitated observations on the occurrence of functional corrinoids in a number of enzymes. Deoxyadenosyl-cobalamin was found to be the most abundant corrinoid in bacteria (24) and in mammalian liver (25). Methylcobalamin was found in Escherichia coli (26), calf liver and human blood plasma (27), and also in a number of Clostridia (28). 

Everson J, Patterson CC. 1980. "Ultra-clean" isotope dilution/mass spectrometric analyses for lead in human blood plasma indicate that most reported values are artificially high. Clin Chem 26 1603-1607. 

Richter, R., Schulz-Knappe, P., Schrader, M., Standker, L., Jurgens, M., Tammen, H., Forssmann, W.-G. (1999). Composition of the peptide fraction in human blood plasma database of circulating human peptides. J. Chromatogr. B 726, 25-35. 

Kokubo et al. [16,17] showed that the hydroxyapatite formation on the surfaces of bioactive materials in the living body can be reproduced even in an acellular protein-free simulated body fluid (SB F) with ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma. This indicates that the hydroxyapatite layer is formed through chemical reaction of the bioactive glass with the surrounding body fluids. The formed layer consists of carbonated hydroxyapatite with small crystallites and low crystallinity, which is similar to bone hydroxyapatite. Hence the bioactivity of a material can be evaluated even in vitro by examining the hydroxyapatite formation on its surface in SBF. 

SBF is a solution that has inorganic ion concentrations similar to those of human blood plasma but does not contain any cells or protein. A brief summary of SBF, introduced by Cho et al. [17], follows. The ion concentrations of SBF are given in Table 11.1 [17]. The pH of SBF is typically adjusted to 7.25 or 7.40 at 36.5 °C. This fluid is a metastable solution containing calcium and phosphate ions supersaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite. SBF is prepared by successively dissolving the reagent-grade chemicals in ultra-pure water in the order given in Table 11.2 [17]. Each new chemical is added after the previous one has completely dissolved. The temperature... 

A typical time course of PCL with luminol as the photosensitizer is shown in Figure 5, as blank. The presence of a water-soluble antioxidant leads to dose-dependent temporary inhibition of PCL. ACW (antioxidant capacity of water-soluble compounds) represents the effect of human blood plasma (2 p.L) on PCL all tested antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, Trolox, taurine, bilirubin, ceruloplasmin, etc., produced the same effects. 

Figure 5 Time course of PCL of luminol. Blank, without additions ACW, effect of human blood plasma (2 pL) SOD, effect of superoxide dismutase (150 ng). (From Ref. 34.)...

Basic procedure (ACW kit) Mix 1500 pL of ACW reagent 1 (diluter) with 1000 pL of ACW reagent 2 (buffer) and 25 pL of photosensitizer reagent (lumi-nol based). Start measurement after brief vortexing. Assayed solution (or control) is added before addition of photosensitizer reagent. Volume of ACW reagent 1 is reduced by the volume of assayed plasma sample. Standard substance ascorbic acid. Duration of measurement 2-3 min. Measured parameter effective lag phase = lag-phase sample - lag-phase blank. Assayed amount of human blood plasma 2 pL. 

A check of the results of the parameter ACP of human blood plasma after removal of low-molecular-weight antioxidants by means of gel filtration was positive and showed a clear difference between the results in healthy donors and cancer patients, as can be seen in Figure 16 [35],... 

Figure 20 Comparison of ACW values of human blood plasma (A) with different wine types Riesling Spatlese 1989 (B), Riesling Kabinett 1996 (C), Spatburgunder 1996 (D), Spatburgunder 1994 (E), Spatburgunder 1990 (F). B and C, white wines D, E, F, red...

The equilibrium constants given above for the hydrolysis and protolysis reactions of cis- and trans-DDP can be employed to construct distribution diagrams of various species as a function of the pH. In human blood plasma ([Cl-] = 0.1 M) the dichloro species predominates at about pH 7.4 for both cis- and frans-DDP (Figure 4). By contrast, in intracellular conditions ([Cl ]ambient = 0.004 M) the hydrolysis products dominate, but the distribution behavior of the two isomers is quite... 

Amini N. and Crescenzi C., 2003. Feasibility of an online restricted access materal/liquid chromatography/ tadem mass spectrometry method in the rapid and sensitive determination of organophosphorus trimesters in human blood plasma. J Chromatogr B 795 245. 

Cortisone Direct luminescence EIA 2 nmol L 1 Human blood plasma [149]... 

Table 6.4 lists the pH of many natural substances, and suggests human blood plasma, for example, should have a pH in the range 13-1.5. The pH of many natural... 

Human blood plasma, citric acid in, 6 632t Human chorionic gonadotropin (Chorulon), spawning aid for aquaculture in U.S., 3 214t... 

One advance in the area of LLE is the use of solid supports that facilitate the partitioning of the analyte(s) of interest. LLE extraction methods involving nonpolar matrices often suffer from the formation of emulsions, and using the solid support is a possible solution. In one study, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans were extracted from the lipid fraction of human blood plasma [32], using diatomaceous earth as the solid support. Long glass columns (30 cm) were packed with several layers of Chem-Elut (a Varian product) and sodium chloride. The plasma samples were diluted with water and ethanol and passed over the columns. A mixture of isopropanol and hexane (2 3) was passed over the column and the LLE was performed. It can be concluded that the LLE with the solid support is easier to perform and can be applied to other lipid heavy matrices such as milk [32]. 

Solid-phase borate complexation coupled with RP-HPLC has been employed for the measurement of polyhydroxyflavones in human blood plasma, vegetables and redwine. The chemical structures of polyhydroxyflavones included in the investigation are shown in Fig. 2.87. Vegetables were homogenized, centrifuged and the supernatant was applied for analysis. Human plasma was heparinized before analysis. The outer skins of onion were... 

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