Pharmaceutical dosage forms parenteral products

Wang, Y.J. (1992). Parenteral products of peptides and proteins. In Avis, K.E., Lieberman, H.A., Lachman, L., eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Parenteral Medications. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 283-319. 

Harwood, R. J., Portnoff, J. B., and Sunbery, E. W. (1993) The processing of small volume parenterals and related sterile products, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Parenteral Medicati,o(te E. Avis,... 

JB Portnoff.. RJ Harwood., EW Sunbery. The processing of small volume parenteral and related sterile products. In KE Avis, L Lochman. HA Lieberman, eds. Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Vol I. Parenteral medications. New York Marcel Dekker, 1984. p 246,... 

In this table, it can be recognized that there are problems inherent in these types of formulations from both the patient s and the manufacturer s point of view. This is why most pharmaceutical companies make attempts to avoid these types of dosage forms, if at all possible. However, with the advent of biotechnological products, which often do not lend them, selves to conventional dosage formulations, parenteral and invasive measures may be the only answer. 

Pharmaceutical manufacturing entails the combination of a number of unit processes. The major processes have been described in this article. Brief outlines of the applications of these processes to parenteral, solid dosage form, and biological materials production are given. 

There are, arguably, a greater variety of formulations administered by the parenteral route than by any other. These include emulsions, suspensions, liposomes, particulate systems and solid implants as well as the ubiquitous simple solution. What sets parenteral products apart from most other dosage forms, (with the exception of ocular products), is the absolute requirement for sterility, regardless of the formulation type. This requirement must be uppermost in the pharmaceutical scientist s mind from the first stages of formulation conception, so that the formulation and manufacturing process can be developed in tandem to produce an optimised sterile product. 

Ford, J. L. 1988. Parenteral products. In Pharmaceutics The science of dosage form design, edited by M. E. Aulton. New York Longman. 

Ford, J.L. (1988) Parenteral products, in Aulton, M.E. (Ed.) Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Form Design, Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone, pp. 359-380. 

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