Pharmaceutical products availability

To make a rational decision about a herbal product, it would be necessary to know what it contains, whether it is safe, how it interacts with drugs or other herbs, and whether it has been demonstrated to be as good or better than pharmaceutical products available for the same purpose. For most herbal ingredients this information is incomplete or unavailable. 

The development of human pharmaceutical medicines has progressed significantly over the last twenty-five years. This has also been accompanied by a similar expansion in the development and range of pharmaceutical products available to the veterinary profession for the treatment and control of animal diseases. As with human medicines, veterinary medicines have to undergo extensive evaluation for efficacy and safety (target species, operator and consumer) to ensure that they are both effective and safe to use. The residues of these drugs that may be present in edible tissues, for some time following treatment, are of concern for those involved in consumer protection. 

A trademark is a word, name, or symbol that identifies the source of the goods to which it applies. Two or more companies can sell the same product, but the public can identify each company s goods by the trademark. Pharmaceutical products available from multisources carry the same generic name and also the unique trademark of the specific seller an example is the Tagamet brand of cimetidine. 

Contains condensed information on every pharmaceutical product available in New Zealand, including details on pharmacological action, therapeutic indications, contraindications, precautions, adverse reactions and interactions. Provided free to medical practitioners and chief hospital pharmacists. Also available on subscription. Published three times a year. ADIS International, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 10, NewZealand. 

Miyata M, Schuster B, Schellenberg B. Sulfite-containing Canadian pharmaceutical products available in 1991. Can Med Assoc J 1992 147(9) 1333-47. 

SemBioSys Website (2005). Pipeline Pharmaceutical Products. Available http //www. goodmedia.com/equicom/sembiosys/Main.aspx. Accessed 2 November 2005. 

Nitrilotriacetonitrile [628-87-5], N(CH2CN)2, a precursor to nitrilotriacetic acid [139-13-9], N(CH2COOH)2, can be prepared from the reaction of formaldehyde cyanohydrin with ammonia (26). Formaldehyde cyanohydrin is also used as an intermediate in pharmaceutical production. Commercial formaldehyde cyanohydrin is available as a 70% aqueous solution stabiLhed by phosphoric acid. 

Nylon film has been used increasingly for packaging applications for foodstuffs and pharmaceutical products. The value of nylon in this application is due to low odour transmission and to some extent in the ability to boil-in-the-bag. Film of high brilliance and clarity, particularly from nylon 11, is available for point-of-sale displays. 

Insulin is one of the important pharmaceutical products produced commercially by genetically engineered bactera. Before this development, commercial insulin was isolated from animal pancreatic tissue. Microbial insulin has been available since 1982. The human insulin gene is introduced into a bacterium like E. coli. Two of the major advantages of insulin production by microorganisms are that the resultant insulin is chemically identical to human insulin, and it can be produced in unlimited quantities. 

The use of computers in developing new pharmaceutical products is nowadays commonplace, and a number of tools and databases have been developed to improve their use. Although intellectual property rights have to date rarely been the subject of court cases, protection is available and the courts are prepared to enforce these rights, even in an international context. 

Incyte. Incyte s Product Pipeline at Incyte Pharmaceuticals/Pflzer. Available at http //www.incyte.eom/drugs product pipeline.html chemokine. 

There is a large number of available guidelines. These cover a very wide range of topics, and the company submitting an application for a pharmaceutical product should be aware of the contents of these documents and how they interact with other guidelines as well as the interpretation of the legislative requirements. It is necessary to be aware of the impact of guidelines in all areas within the pharmaceutical sector and, in some cases, within the medical device sector. Some of these effects are not obvious from the titles of the documents. 

The topic of generic bioequivalence pertains to the relative bioavailability of different versions of the same drug product, all of which may be available in the marketplace at the same time. Thus, if we continue our consideration of the example introduced in the previous section of this chapter, let us suppose that the innovator did obtain approval to market F3. Initially F3 was the only product available in the marketplace. However, when the relevant patents held by the innovator have expired, other pharmaceutical... 

The first hurdle encountered during the development of alfalfa as a recombinant protein production system was the relative inefficiency of the available expression cassettes. A study in which a tomato proteinase inhibitor I transgene was expressed in tobacco and alfalfa under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter showed that 3-4 times more protein accumulated in tobacco leaves compared to alfalfa leaves [5]. Despite the low efficiency of the CaMV 35S promoter in alfalfa, bio-pharmaceutical production using this system has been reported in the scientific literature. Such reports include expression of the foot and mouth disease virus antigen [6], an enzyme to improve phosphorus utilization [7] and the anti-human IgG C5-1 [8]. In this last work, the C5-1 antibody accumulated to 1% total soluble protein [8]. 

Mass casualty in NBC disasters, require immediate availability of antidotes and special pharmaceutical products that can save the live of affected population. 

The cost implications of pharmacogenomics, both at the individual and societal levels, are the subject of considerable debate, as discussed in detail in Chapter 12 of this book. One possible scenario is that pharmacogenomic-based medications will be more expensive and therefore not as widely available as pharmaceutical products intended for wider distribution (Rai, 2001 Rothstein and Epps, 2001). We attempted to determine whether members of the public believed that they would be able to afford these new pharmaceutical products. To do so, we asked the following question (Question 9) ... 

The pivotal role of natural a-amino acids among a myriad of biologically active molecules is widely appreciated, and is of particular importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Unnatural a-amino acids also have a prominent position in the development of new pharmaceutical products. It has been shown that substitution of natural a-amino acids for unnatural amino acids can often impart significant improvements in physical, chemical and biological properties such as resistance to proteolytic breakdown, stability, bioavailability, and efficacy. One of the many synthetic methods available for the production of enantiomerically enriched a-amino acids is the metal-catalyzed enantioselective reduction of a-de-hydroamino acid derivatives [90]. 

Supported metal catalysts are used in a large number of commercially important processes for chemical and pharmaceutical production, pollution control and abatement, and energy production. In order to maximize catalytic activity it is necessary in most cases to synthesize small metal crystallites, typically less than about 1 to 10 nm, anchored to a thermally stable, high-surface-area support such as alumina, silica, or carbon. The efficiency of metal utilization is commonly defined as dispersion, which is the fraction of metal atoms at the surface of a metal particle (and thus available to interact with adsorbing reaction intermediates), divided by the total number of metal atoms. Metal dispersion and crystallite size are inversely proportional nanoparticles about 1 nm in diameter or smaller have dispersions of 100%, that is, every metal atom on the support is available for catalytic reaction, whereas particles of diameter 10 nm have dispersions of about 10%, with 90% of the metal unavailable for the reaction. 

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