Germany pharmaceutical production

Method The authors use information on all non-hospital sales of pharmaceutical products in 1992 in a sample of countries consisting of the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and the UK. The database was provided by Intercontinental Medical Systems (IMS). The empirical analysis is based on the calculation of the Paasche and Laspeyres price indexes and the ratio between them. The descriptive analysis is completed with the econometric analysis (quasi-hedonic model) of the determining factors of the variation in the relative prices of each active ingredient in each country taking the USA as the point of comparison. 

Many pharmaceutical products on the market contain primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amines or amine derivatives, and several drugs have been shown to readily form N-nitroso compounds when nitrosated in vitro and/or in vivo (27-33). With the exception of aminopyrine in Germany (23) and the antibiotic studied by Schoenhard et, (26), there appears to be no information available with regard to the possible presence of N-nitroso impurities present in pharmaceutical products. 

The preparation used in many of the described interactions between St. John s wort and conventional pharmaceutical products is the product manufactured by Lichtwer Pharma GmbH (Berlin, Germany). This product is marketed under the trade name, Jarsin (LI 160) in Germany and marketed in the United States under the trade name Kira . St. John s wort may also be sold in combination products with vitamins and other botanical preparations (32). The drug interaction potential between these combination products and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and P-glycoprotein... 

The product patent is in fact a license to charge unrestricted prices for pharmaceuticals. It is unsurprising that until very recently few countries recognized pharmaceutical product patents. Pharmaceutical product patents are a recent introduction in many countries, including France (1968), Germany (1968), the Nordic countries (1968), Japan (1976), Switzerland (1978), Italy (1978), Canada (1987), Spain (1992), Thailand (1992), Argentina (2000), and India (2005). 

Fig. 1.35.1. Cryomicroscope photograph of a pharmaceutical product frozen at a rate of -4 °C/min (a) during cooling at =24 °C (b) after cooling to -54 °C and thermal treatment (TT) at-36 °C (c) after cooling again to -55 °C (Steris GmbH, Hiirth, Germany)...

Katharina M. Picker-Freyer, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Halle/Saale, Germany, Tablet Production Systems... 

The value added generated by the chemical industry contributed 1.4% to the GDP in Germany compared with 1.2% in the other three countries - when excluding pharmaceutical products [320-322, 325],... 

In 1927, Johannes Eisenbrand, at the University of Frankfurt, Germany published three papers dealing with light-sensitive pharmaceutical products (15-17), which were reviewed by Arny (18). 

Figure 23 (a) DR and p as a function of drying time. Four runs. Runs 1 and 2 5% mannitol solution filled in the same vials with the same amount of product as in Figure 21a. Runs 3 and 4 pharmaceutical products in two different vials. (Measurements by AMSCO Finn-Aqua GmbH, D-50354 Hiirth, Germany.) (b) Temperatures f runs of (a).

Historically, as a country becomes more industrialized, it strengthens its patent system by providing protection for compounds per se, often referred to as product protection. Examples are Germany and Japan, which had process protection for pharmaceutical products until 1968 and 1978, respectively, when they amended their laws to provide product protection. China had no patent law until June 1, 1985, when it introduced process-only protection for pharmaceuticals. Effective January 1, 1993, China amended its patent laws to allow product protection. 

Hilfiker R. Blatter F, von Raumer M. Relevance of. solid-state properties for pharmaceutical products. In Hilfiker R, ed. Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Weinheim, Germany Wiley-VCH, 2006 1-19. 

This book is focused mainly on the self-regulatory codes of conduct for the promotion of pharmaceutical products covering many of the major pharmaceutical markets located in the following geographical areas Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. 

Malaysia imports medicinal and pharmaceutical products worth in the region of 80 million a year. The United Kingdom s share of this market is approximately 14%, with competition from the United States, Germany and Switzerland. Malaysia also has a growing domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, mostly wholly owned subsidiaries or joint venture partnerships with foreign manufacturers, mainly from then United Kingdom and the United States. 

The Bottlepack system (Rommelag, Germany) and a similar process by Automatic Liquid Packaging (USA)—blow fill seal— continue to be successfully used for pharmaceutical products. These processes are now found throughout the world and container manufacturing details are covered in previous chapters. 

Fig. 6.2-60 Two views of a plant for dry, high-pressure granulation of pharmaceutical products (courtesy Flochst AG, Frankfurt/ M.-F[6chst, Germany)...

The legal status of investigational pharmaceutical products for human use varies from country to country in some of them (e.g., Germany, the United States and others), these products are manufactured and inspected like normal licensed pharmaceutical products. In most other countries, however, they are not covered by legal and regulatory provisions in the areas of good manufacturing practice (GMP) inspection, etc. 

The hydroformylation reaction was discovered in 1938 by Otto Roelen in the Ruhrchemie laboratories at Oberhausen (Germany) [1, 2], Since that day, hydroformylation has become a widely studied and interesting reaction for both academic and industrial researchers. This reaction consists formally in the transformation of olefins under carbon monoxide and hydrogen pressure leading to linear and branched aldehydes as primary products (see Section 2.4.1.1). The interest of such a reaction resides in the formation from an olefin of a new carbon-carbon bond with the introduction of a carbonyl function which can be easily transformed into different products of industrial interest like detergents, plasticizers, and pharmaceutical products. The overall production capacity of oxo products was estimated to be aroimd 10 million tons per year in 2001 and this production is still increasing. 

The practice of traditional medicine is widespread in Asian societies such as India, China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Bangladesh. Some 70 to 85 % of the population is dependent on traditional medicine in these countries. In Japan, preparations made from herbal dmgs (i.e., the kampo system of medicine) are more in demand than mainstream pharmaceutical products. Similarly, the traditional system of medicine is very popular on the African continent, which is very rich in medicinal herbs. Even in European countries, 1500 plant species of aromatic and medicinal plants are presently being used in countries such as Albania, Croatia, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, and United Kingdom. 

HME technology is an increasingly attractive process for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Pharmaceutical products manufactured via HME have been approved in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Over the last three decades, patents related to pharmaceutical systems prepared by HMT have steadily increased. The United States and Germany hold approximately 56% of all issued patents for HME worldwide. ... 

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