Bath treatment

Brandt [200] has extracted tri(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) from a styrene-butadiene polymer using iso-octane. Brown [211] has reported US extraction of acrylic acid monomer from polyacrylates. Ultrasonication was also shown to be a fast and efficient extraction method for organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers [212]. Greenpeace [213] has recently reported the concentration of phthalate esters in 72 toys (mostly made in China) using shaking and sonication extraction methods. Extraction and analytical procedures were carefully quality controlled. QC procedures and acceptance criteria were based on USEPA method 606 for the analysis of phthalates in water samples [214]. Extraction efficiency was tested by spiking blank matrix and by standard addition to phthalate-containing samples. For removal of fatty acids from the surface of EVA pellets a lmin ultrasonic bath treatment in isopropanol is sufficient [215]. It has been noticed that the experimental ultrasonic extraction conditions are often ill defined and do not allow independent verification. 

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, have been further extensively studied in sea bass after treatment by oral gavage or water, at a temperature of 15 C (157). Enrofloxacin was absorbed and eliminated slowly after oral administration to the sea bass. Following bath treatment, enrofloxacin efficiently penetrated fish tissues but it was poorly metabolized compared with mammals. On the other hand, ciprofloxacin was generally detected in very low concentrations (less than 0.02 ppm) in plasma samples after both oral and bath treatment. Liver levels of ciprofloxacin were found to be 0.12 ppm after a 5 ppm bathing for 24 h, 0.06 ppm after a 10 ppm bathing for 8 h, and 0.33 ppm after a 50 ppm bathing for 4 h, suggestive of hepatic metabolism of enrofloxacin. 

A residue depletion study (15) in rainbow trout given both oral and bath treatments of fenbendazole, at a water temperature of 12 C, showed that the drug was partly metabolized to fenbendazole sulfoxide. Both fenbendazole and fenbendazole sulfoxide were found to accumulate in fish skin. However, both the parent drug and its metabolite were largely depleted within 96 and 24 h, respectively, posttreatment. Formation of the sulfone metabolite was not detected in any fish tissue. 

Little is known about the fate of methylene blue in fish. Absorption of methylene blue appears to be low in fish. Thus, methylene blue could not be detected ( 100 ppb) in muscle of eel after exposure of the fish to 3 ppm drug in water for 1-3 h (79). Analysis of catfish exposed to 5 ppm methylene blue bath treatment for 1 h showed that muscle tissue contained 10-20 ppb drug (80). 

In another application the dyes used in the dye-bleach process are not premetallized however, they contain metallizable sites so that after the bleaching step an after-bath treatment with a transition metal solution yields the metal-complexed dye. Bisazo dyes such as (35) yield greenish blue images after processing and treatment with a copper or nickel acetate solution.99 Complex-ation can and presumably does occur at more than one site in the molecule. 

A black-and-white system based on the silver dye-bleach process contains the single azoxy copper-complexed dye (36).10P During bleaching, low pH solutions are used and the dye is partially demetallized. This necessitates an after-bath treatment with a copper-containing solution. Dyes other than those containing the azo group can also be bleached, and derivatives of sulfonated copper phthalocyanine have been used to form cyan images.101... 

The good adhesion of membranes onto the surface of AI2O3 is illustrated by the fact that they withstand an ultrasonic bath treatment for several hours without any loss of adhesion. Without the silanization pretreatment, on the other hand, all membranes liftoff within 5 minutes of ultrasonic agitation. 

Using the cleaning bath itself as the reaction vessel affords more extensive bath treatment at an increased irradiation power. The use of this type of energy input, however, is sub]ect to some restrictions. 

Polyamide-6,6 fabrics were treatedusinganovel procedure employing ionic interactions between anionic carboxylic end groups of the polymer and cationic quaternary ammonium salts to produce fabrics with antimicrobial activity. The effects of the pH of the treatment bath, treatment temperature, treatment time and quaternary... 

HCB, hot citrate buffer bath treatment MW, microwave open treatment. 

The /J-phenylketone is converted into the a-phenyl isomer in 95% yield by 20 min. heating and stirring with 48%-HBr on a steam bath. Treatment with alkali or heating converts either ketone into a mixture of both isomers. G. Palazzo and L. Baiocchi, G. 99, 1068 (1969). 

In some cases (e.g., chitosan and gelatin capsules), ionic interaction can create ample binding during bath (exhaustion) treatment Chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable, and nontoxic polysaccharide which, as a result of its cationic character, is able to react with polyanions and give rise to polyelectrolyte complexes. For this reason, chitosan has been adopted for use in bath treatment processes. Because of these interesting properties, chitosan has become the subject of numerous scientific reports. 

Try increasing the water washing time after development and bleach bath treatments. 

For the heating experiments, a 0.044 mol dm (1.82 wt%) solution of TPPT in PAO was prepared. For dissolving the crystalline TPPT in the base oil, an ultrasonic bath was employed six times for 10 min. The temperature of the lubricant solution was always maintained below 318 K during the ultrasonic bath treatment. 

Plasma Concentrations After Bath Treatment and Oral Administration of Trioxsalen... 

Kolene Process. Trade-name an electrolytic salt-bath treatment of sheet-steel before it is enamelled (Kolene Corp., Detroit, USA). 

Vollrath, F., KnighL D.P. and Hu, X.W., Silk production in a spider involves acid bath treatment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 1998, 265(1398) 817-820. 

Nb(0 Pr)5]2 synthesized according to the procedure reported by Bradley et al. was used as a single-source precursor in a horizontal cold-wall chemical v xjr deposition (CVD) reactor. Films were grown at different substrate temperatures (500-1000 °C) on silicon and quartz substrates, which were previously cleaned in a solution of ethanol and isopropanol 2 1 through an ultrasonic bath treatment (15 min). 

Aqueous and Semiaqueous Photoresist Stripping Bath Treatment... 

The double peak aging response has been observed in this figure in terms of the different amounts of o> formation following different aging (air/salt bath) treatments. This explanation would not appear to apply to the present work because such double peaks were found both in air and salt bath aged material, and no a> phase was detected. The double peaks in the present work may lrise as a result of small changes in the balance of hardness between a precipitation and recovery. 

Zirconium and Zircaloy-2 specimens exposed in solutions circulating in stainless steel systems collected some of the stainless steel corrosion products (iron and chromium oxides) in an outer layer of scale. This outer layer could be removed partially by a cathodic defilming operation. A sodium hydride bath treatment was required for complete removal. Table 5-8 lists values for long-term average corrosion rates observed in a solution 0.04 m in UO2SO4, 0.02 m in H2SO4, and 0.005 m in CUSO4 at 200, 250, and 300°C. 

Instead of the two-bath treatment, aluminum soaps have been applied as solutions in an organic solvent or as aqueous dispersions. 

Active extracts were obtained under anaerobic conditions by freezing and ultrasonic-bath treatment, a method to be published elsewhere, Weisshaar, BSger 1984). Omitting a regenerating ATP system, no nitrogenase activity was measured, a clear evidence that both gases are formed by nitrogenase activity (nos. 2,3). Protein content Phormidium 3 mg/ml, Nostoc 7 mg/ ml. The lower rates in Nostoc are due to the heterocyst frequency of 5% only. 

ECCO MP-2004 is a newly developed mildewproof emulsion designed to be compatible with a variety of water repellents for a single bath treatment of textiles. 

BUCHMANN, K. KRISTENSSON, R.T. (2003) Efficacy of sodium percarbonate and formaldehyde bath treatments against Gyrodactylus derjavini infestations of rainbow trout. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 65, 25-27. 

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