Cleaning compounds

Trisodium phosphate is strongly alkaline many of its appHcations depend on this property. For example, many heavy-duty cleaning compositions contain trisodium phosphate as a primary alkalinity source. The crystalline dodecahydrate itself is marketed as a cleaning compound and paint remover. Traditionally, trisodium phosphate has been used in water softening to remove polyvalent metal ions by precipitation as insoluble phosphates. Because the hypochlorite complex of trisodium phosphate provides solutions that are strongly alkaline and contain active chlorine, it is used in disinfectant cleaners, scouring powders, and automatic dishwashing formulations. 

The remaining 15% of the elemental P is used in P -dependent apphcations which require the element as a direct reactant. The principal products include P2S5, PCl and POCl, 2 5 hypophosphite, with much smaller amounts leading to PH, red P, phosphonates, and various other phosphoms derivatives. Pinal apphcations include flame retardants (qv), lubricant additives, insecticides, herbicides, water treatment, cleaning compounds, plastici2ers, and semiconductors (14). 

As solvents, the amyl alcohols are intermediate between hydrocarbon and the more water-miscible lower alcohol and ketone solvents. Eor example, they are good solvents and diluents for lacquers, hydrolytic fluids, dispersing agents in textile printing inks, industrial cleaning compounds, natural oils such as linseed and castor, synthetic resins such as alkyds, phenoHcs, urea —formaldehyde maleics, and adipates, and naturally occurring gums, such as shellac, paraffin waxes, rosin, and manila. In solvent mixtures they dissolve cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and ceUulosic ethers. 

Sodium nitrate is also used in formulations of heat-transfer salts for he at-treatment baths for alloys and metals, mbber vulcanization, and petrochemical industries. A mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate is used to capture solar energy (qv) to transform it into electrical energy. The potential of sodium nitrate in the field of solar salts depends on the commercial development of this process. Other uses of sodium nitrate include water (qv) treatment, ice melting, adhesives (qv), cleaning compounds, pyrotechnics, curing bacons and meats (see Food additives), organics nitration, certain types of pharmaceutical production, refining of some alloys, recovery of lead, and production of uranium. 

Gleaning Methods. The soils encountered in electroplating processes can be organic, eg, oils, greases, and other cleaning compounds, and... 

Surface-Active Agents. Polyol (eg, glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, and propylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) esters of long-chain fatty acids are nonionic surfactants (qv) used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, cleaning compounds, and many other appHcations (103,104). Those that are most widely used are included in Table 3. 

Platform scale, manual cutoff 1 Drum 55 gal 208L 6-ply fiber (300 Ih) Lever-locked steel cover Cleaning compound 45 721 -20 to -1-80 mesh... 

HEDTA has been widely used as a boiler cleaning compound, but has proved useful for iron control at elevated temperatures. HEDTA is supplied as 98% Na HjO (MW 380) and has a chelating activity of 258 mg CaC03/g at a pH level of 11. 

SBA is primarily used as feedstock for methyl ethyl ketone. Other uses include hydraulic fluids, industrial cleaning compounds, paint remover, and an extracting agent for oils, perfumes, and dyes. TBA is used mostly as feedstock to make methyl methacrylate and glycol ethers (by reaction with ethylene or propylene oxides.) TBA is also a coproduct with PO, as covered in Chapter 11. 

Natural soap was one of the earliest chemicals produced by man. Historically, its first use as a cleaning compound dates back to Ancient Egypt [1-4]. In modem times, the soap and detergent industry, although a major one, produces relatively small volumes of hquid wastes directly. However, it causes great public concern when its products are discharged after use in homes, service establishments, and factories [5-22]. 

On the other hand, defluorinated phosphate rock is utilized as an animal feed ingredient. Defluorinated phosphoric acid is mainly used in the production of animal foodstuffs and hquid fertilizers. Finally, sodium phosphates, produced from wet process acid as the raw material, are used as intermediates in the production of cleaning compounds. 

Metal cleaning wastes result from cleaning compounds, rinse waters, or any other waterborne residues derived from cleaning any metal process equipment, including, but not limited to, boiler tube cleaning, boiler fireside cleaning, and air preheater cleaning. 

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