Ownership

The initial purchasing cost is obviously a big factor in regard to the cost of ownership moreover, the running costs and the cost of consumables and chemicals will also have a major impact, particularly over the 10-year lifetime of owning the instrument. Let us first take a look at the typical purchase price of each technique. There 

FIGURE 21.4 Relative purchasing costs of different AS equipment. 

Electrothermal Atomization The only gas that the electrothermal atomization process uses on a routine basis is high-purity argon, which costs about 120 for a 340 ft (9630 L) cylinder. Typically, argon gas flows of up to 300 mL/min are required to keep an inert atmosphere in the graphite tube. At these flow rates, 540 h of use can be expected from one cylinder. Therefore, a typical laboratory running their instrument for 1000 h per year would consume almost two cylinders for 230. 

Another added expense with ICP-MS is that if it is fitted with collision/reaction cell technology, the cost of the collision or reaction gas will have to be added to the 

Calculations for power consumption are based on the average cost of electricity, which is about 14 cents per kilowatt per hour (kW/h) in the United States, which has basically been the same for the past few years. The cost will vary depending on the location and demand, but it represents a good approximation for this exercise. 

Practical Guide to ICP-MS A Tutorial for Beginners, Second Edition 

It should also be pointed out that some collision/reaction cells require high-purity gases with extremely low impurity levels, because of the potential of the contaminants in the gas to create additional by-product ions (refer to Chapter 10). 

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Pubhc sector aquaculture involves production of aquatic animals to augment or estabUsh recreational and commercial fisheries. PubHc sector aquaculture is widely practiced in North America and to a lesser extent in other parts of the world. The FAO definition of aquaculture also indicates that farming implies ownership of the organisms being cultured, which would seem to exclude pubhc sector aquaculture. 

Although, owing to changes in ownership, etc, it is impossible to give a permanently accurate number, there are presently (ca 1997) about 940 active bonded wineries in California and about an equal number in other states. One California winery is generally conceded to be the largest in the world, shipping about 50 x 10 cases (1 case = 12 bottles, 750 mL each) per year, or about 35% of the California total. 

If a faciHty is large enough to support an in-house maintenance department, management of such a department has the responsibiHty to assure that its maintenance and operation s program is at all times cost effective. The greatest benefit of an in-house maintenance department must be its spirit of ownership. Workers should be trained to have pride of ownership, and must be given the tools to maintain this pride. 

If two or three of the principal customers are unavailable to a new suppHer, the problem of selling becomes more acute. In fact, if a significant portion of the so-called merchant market is unavailable to a new producer, entry into the field could be disastrous. Special arrangements can arise because of the proximity of suppHer plant to user plant, taw matetial avadabiHty from one firm to the other, common financial ownership to some degree, toU arrangements, etc. 

New plant constmction will bring iacreased capacity to a level which will depend on real growth to keep sales abreast with production. It is anticipated that consoHdation of ownership will continue and that the trend to specialized busiaesses supporting a plant faciUty will also continue. Pressures from environmental issues could change the cost of final products as well as mandate the use of post-consumer waste resia as feedstock for production. 

In business transactions the parties should have a clear understanding of exactly what constitutes trade secret information and consider how the information will be used and who will retain ownership rights. If the transaction is a pure and simple sale, concerns over ownership may be meritless. However, such concerns might be weU-founded, if further research or commercial development involves similar information. It may also be necessary to consider whether the seUer should be allowed to compete against the buyer in ventures involving the same or related information. These are just some of the issues which arise with the sale of the trade secrets. 

QuaHtative arguments deal primarily with the sense of ownership and security which result from individually owned generation systems. Additional complexity will arise from the aesthetic criteria specific to both individual homes and the surrounding community. Of course, the autonomy inherent in distributed rooftop arrays probably constitutes an institutional barrier to their acceptance by some utiHty companies, unless they are involved in the financing and/or marketing chain. 

At the beginning of 1992, the largest Hquids pipelines in the United States, based on pipeline length, were Amoco Pipeline Co., 19,096 km Mobil Pipe Line Co., 15,026 km Exxon Pipeline Co., 14,983 km and Conoco Pipe Line Co., 12,980 km. Distances do not include 1316 km of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline with multiple ownership. In both 1991 and 1992, the product pipeline company with the most product deHveries was Colonial Pipeline with 104,990,000 m, more than double the amount deHvered by Santa Ee Pacific Pipelines, Inc. The top pipeline in terms of cmde oil deHveries was the Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., operator of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, with movement of 105,735,000 m (3). 

Parameter Investors UtiHty ownership PubHc Federal Cooperative... 

The shrinkage in demand has resulted in a restmcturing of the carbon black-industry. Several of the principal multinational oil companies have left the business including Ashland, Cities Service Co., Phillips, and Conoco. Some plants have changed ownership. In the United States this has increased the production capacities of Degussa, Sid Richardson, and Huber. Today s U.S. industry consists of six principal producers. Rated capacities of the six U.S. manufacturers is shown in Table 13. Cabot Corp. and Columbian Chemicals are the leading producers, followed by Degussa, Sid Richardson, J. M. Huber Corp., and Witco. A survey of the future markets and present stmcture of the carbon black industry has been presented (1). 

The work must also be the product of an author. That is, a human being has created the work, even if at the behest or for the ownership of a corporate entity and even if a machine or device, such as a camera or a computer program, was used as a tool in the creative process. 

Copyright is a property right. Although it differs from most other forms of property in that it is intangible, it nevertheless has the essential elements of property and is governed by the principles of property ownership. 

Joint Ownership. Joint ownership of copyright occurs when there is joint authorship, but it may also occur in other ways, for example, by transfer of a copyright to two or more individuals, such as when an author bequeaths a copyright to two children. 

As is the case with other forms of property, joint ownership of copyright is legally termed a tenancy in common. Each joint owner is presumed to own an undivided proportional interest in the entire work for example, if there are three joint owners, each is presumed to own one-third of the entire work. 

Such situations are governed by the work-made-for-hire doctrine of the Copyright Law. Under the Copyright Law, copyright ownership vests initially in the author of the work. In cases of works made for hire, the law specifies that the employer or other person for whom the work is prepared is deemed to be the author (9). Thus the apphance company would be deemed to be the author, and hence the initial copyright owner, of the copyrighted instmction manual. 

Ownership of the copyright in a work is distinct from ownership of the material object, ie, the copy or phonorecord, in which the copyrighted work is embodied. The transfer of one does not constitute transfer of the other. Eor example, if a painter sells his or her painting, ie, the material object, such as canvas and oils, the painter does not automatically transfer the copyright in it sale of that copyright, so as to allow reproduction of the oil painting in printed posters, does not transfer the material object. 

In the case of joint ownership of works, where the joint owners are treated as tenants in common, each co-owner may only transfer his or her own interest in the copyright and not the co-owner s interest. Thus a co-owner may not grant an exclusive Hcense, which constitutes a transfer of copyright ownership, without the co-owner s permission. However, any co-owner may grant a nonexclusive Hcense to use the copyright without the co-owner s permission. In this case, the co-owner granting the Hcense must account to all other co-owners for their proportional shares of any profits realized by the nonexclusive Hcense. 

The law contains a compHcated provision, which case law has further elaborated, concerning ownership of renewal rights. Generally, renewal rights do not vest until the last year of the initial term. At that time they vest in the author. If the author is dead, the rights vest in the author s surviving spouse and children as a class in the author s executor, ie, the beneficiaries under the author s will, if there is no surviving spouse or children or in the author s next of kin under appHcable state law if the author did not leave a will. 

The Right of Public Distribution. The exclusive right to reproduce the copyrighted work also entails pubHc distribution of copies, by sale or other transfer of ownership. This right, too, is the copyright owner s. 

Capital Investment. Erom the viewpoint of a project, all of the capital that must be raised is external capital. Equity capital is the ownership capital, eg, common and preferred stocks or retained cash, whereas debt capital consists of bonds, mortgages, debentures, and loans. Nearly all investment involves a mixture of both types so as to maximize the return on investment (21). The debt ratio (debt/total capital) for the chemical industry is typically over 30%. Because financial details are not well known during the preliminary phases of project analysis, the investment is viewed simply as the total capital that must be expended to design and build the project. 

Restrictions on 100 percent United States or foreign ownership Modern banking system... 

A successful tolling project depends upon defining the project objectives at the outset and clearly communicating those objectives. The objectives take into account the rights and expectations of both the toller and the client. Specifics such as ownership, specifications, timing, regulatory requirements, product quality, and documentation are considered. Each project or process is unique and consequently the agreements reached between the parties and the... 

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