Cost of ownership

The primary factor in determining a production programs survival is its overhead. Because of the high costs of reactants and toxic handling in compound semiconductor production, the overhead is often determined, in large part, by the cost associated with system operation and maintenance. These costs include facilitization (including clean rooms, gas enclosures and other safety-related constructions), system amortization consumables such as reactants, wafers, chemicals, and filters, waste handling, and safety compliance. 

Many of the equipment vendors have developed cost of ownership (COO) models, some traceable, at lease in part, to SEMATECH. These COO models may be used to account for all aspects of amortized costs and provide a user with a highly accurate anticipated cost schedule. At a minimum a COO model should include the cost of the system, utilities, facilitization, mean-time-between-failures, mean-time-to-repair, preventative maintenance, personnel, all consumable safety costs (including that of required support equipment), reactant, and substrate costs. Each of these parameters should be well defined and guaranteed, and the user of such models should precisely understand how up-time, mean-time-to-repair, and other terms are defined. A 90% uptime schedule is useless if the system is routinely defined to be out of service, for maintenance, 25 % of the time. 

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Once the bids are tabulated for specification compliance in the form of a chart for easy review by all others involved in the project, an overall evaluation should be made, factoring in energy cost, first cost, and time value of money using an established economic equation. Most companies have a standardized formula. If the data are available, total cost of ownership can be estimated, which for larger equipment is considered a good measure for evaluation. 

The price label on any product or service should be for a product or service free of defects. If there are defects the label should say as much, otherwise the supplier may well be in breach of national laws and statutes. Price is therefore not a feature or characteristic of the product but is a feature of the service associated with it. Price is negotiable for the same quality of product. Some may argue that quality is expensive but in reality, the saving you make on buying low-priced goods could well be eroded by inferior service or differences in the cost of ownership. 

Quality of use is the extent by which the user is able to secure continuity of use from the product or service. Products need to have a low cost of ownership, be safe and reliable, maintainable in use, and easy to use. 

A useful example of sustainable design comes from BASF, and their development of the eco-efficiency tool. This tool seeks to integrate the combined aspects of each of the three pillars in an attempt to quantify the most sustainable products and illustrates some of the concerns associated with evaluating sustainable products. For example, the economic analysis includes a total cost of ownership that goes beyond the purchase price of a product to incorporate the cost of operation, the cost of environmental health and safety, and the cost of labour. Thus, even though a product may have a lower purchase price, it may be more expensive to use and thus costlier over the total life cycle of the product. 

Energy intensity. Energy intensity is an obvious target for green product design. This is the easiest dimension to identify commercial benefits. Lower energy intensity can clearly either save manufacturing costs, or total cost of ownership for the user. 

It is also interesting to look into the future use of sensors in household appliances. An attempt to do this is made in Chapter 6 where the influence factors in this broad field are analyzed. These include socio-economic data of the end users (like age of the population) and their preferences (like savings of energy, water and detergents), ease of use and cost of ownership, as described in Chapter 6.1. One specific and interesting future development can be foreseen - the integration of home appliances into heretofore strictly separated areas, such as... 

See also Economic aspects Cost indexes, 9 526-527 Cost of acquisition (COA), 15 471 Cost of haulage, of limestone, 15 37 Cost of ownership (COO), 15 471 Cost ratio construction cost estimation, 19 464-465... 

As for any new class of product, total cost of ownership and operation of fuel cells will be a critical factor in their commercialization, along with the offered functionality and performance. This total cost of ownership typically has several components for power systems such as fuel cells. These components include fuel cost, other operating costs such as maintenance cost, and the first cost of the equipment. This first cost has a significant impact on fuel cells competitiveness. 

One aspect that has limited the use and introduction of process analyzers, and in particular FTIR analyzers, has been the high cost of the analyzer, and the resultant high cost per analysis point. Many process analyzer installations are financially evaluated in terms of cost per analysis or analysis point, as well as cost of ownership and the rate of payback. Typically, these costs need to be kept as low as possible... 

As with any process analytical application, instrument selection is based on the required analytical merits (sensitivity, dynamic range, precision and accuracy, etc.), process and enviromnental conditions, integration complexities (mechanical and controls automation) and operational and maintenance requirements. Because of the wide disparity in analytical performance and functionalities among photometric and spectroscopic LIE process instruments, selection should be carefully weighed on the basis of the technical problem, instrumental cost, implementation complexities, ease of use, conunercial and legacy maturity, level of vendor support and cost of ownership. 

HME hot melt extrusion ETCO long-term cost of ownership... 

The HP 6890 series also offers a range of automation features to improve laboratory productivity, increase system uptime and reduce the cost of ownership. 

Some work has already been done on reprocessing slurry, but to date the focus has been on oxide slurry reprocessing. Given the remarkably high contribution of slurry cost to the overall cost of ownership, one can reasonably expect that slurry reprocessing will play a greater role in the future. 

A. Inamdar, M. A. Fury, D. Towery, A. B. Stubbman, J. W. Zimmer, Cost of Ownership Implications of a Novel CMP Pad Conditioning Device, Third International Chemical-Mechanical Polish (CMP) for VLSI Multilevel Interconnection Conference, pp. 169-171, Feb. 19-20, 1998. 

The old scrubber technique is in fact very attractive for post-CMP cleaning as the same mechanical effect is active for all the materials present at the surface (insulators, metal barriers). Doubled-sided scrubbers for cleaning the frontside and the backside of the wafer and lateral brushes to take care of the wafer side are now proposed on the market. Furthermore, the implementation of megasonic sprays in the scrubber can sometimes help for difficult cases. The major limitation is in terms of cost of ownership (COO) as a single-wafer process is involved. Indeed according to Witt et al. [17] who used the standard SEMATECH COO model, brush cleaning is more than three times more expensive than wet cleaning, which was confirmed by other economic studies [18]. 

Cost of ownership Amortization of capital, equipment rental, profit 26.20... 

PERO Innovative Services has developed the equipment and the peripheral devices in such a way that they optimally adapt to the desired cleaning process and minimise the costs during the complete life cycle of the equipment (according to LCC - Life Cycle Costing, formerly accurately related to as TCO - Total Costs of Ownership, since traditional accounting systems in most cases regard a period which is too short, as the costs as well as the benefits of the system incur over a long time utilisation of the equipment). 

In general, the positive displacement machines - there are rotating and reciprocating features - show their main application range for high-pressure and lower-capacity conditions. The turbo- (centrifugal) machines, however, are best suited for high capacity but lower pressure conditions. The selection should be based on an analysis of the life-cycle costs (or costs of ownership) [1]. 

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