Property ownership

Copyright is a property right. Although it differs from most other forms of property in that it is intangible, it nevertheless has the essential elements of property and is governed by the principles of property ownership. 

Source identification of dissolved hydrocarbons in groundwater and refined LNAPL is difficult due to several factors. These factors include numerous microbiological, chemical, and physical processes, the complex historical industrial development of the area, numerous property ownership transfers, and the close proximity of several crude and petroleum-handling facilities including clusterings of refineries,... 

Legal agreements covering objectives and intellectual property ownership approved by all parties involved, were drawn up to ensure that all parties knew where they stood. 

Confidentiality and intellectual property ownership. These issues must be addressed and formalised from the outset of any relationship. Do not start if there are any doubts about either. 

Intellectual property issues need to be addressed more effectively. In the past, collaborations typically involved a company and a federal laboratory. Simple assignments of the patents or provisions for the company to license the technology were adequate. The DOE cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) Subject Invention definition can confuse intellectual property ownership. Today, the collaborations may involve several partners, the results may be used by joint ventures, or even more-creative business structures may need access to the intellectual property developed by the collaboration. Increased flexibility on how this property is managed is a key issue for the future. 

One essential precondition of this transformation was the discovery of society as a reified object that was separate from the state and that could be scientifically described. In this respect, the production of statistical knowledge about the population—its age profiles, occupations, fertility, literacy, property ownership, law-abidingness (as demonstrated by crime statistics)—allowed state officials to characterize the population in elaborate new ways, much as scientific forestry permitted the forester to carefully describe the forest. Ian Hack-... 

This is why, before the income tax, the administrators of the older systems of taxation found it easiest to assess taxes by relying solely on the more permanent fact of land or real property ownership. 

A Hnal problem for this proposal is created by corporate property, for example church and state land. The managers of such property form a dass, but not by virtue of property-ownership, since in a real sense the property belongs to the corporation rather than to any individual or in dividuals. As argued later, they form a class by virtue of their power to dedde how the factors of production shall be used, that is by their ability to issue legitimate commands. Their command over property emerges as a result of attaining a certain class position, and is not a prior fact explaining their class membership. 

While there is considerable overlap in the ethical issues in the fields of biomedical engineering and medicine, biomedical engineers also sometimes face ethical dilemmas that are unique to their profession. Issues such as safety, intellectual property ownership, risk disclosure, whistle blowing, and engineering professional codes of ethics are all examples. The Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions at the Illinois Institute of Technology is a valuable resource in this regard, and maybe accessed online at http // ethics.iit.edu. In the following sections some brief case studies are offered for review and discussion. 

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