Ownership, economics

We may conclude this section by saying that whilst there appears to be a trend to increased car ownership, economical driving habits coupled with changes in car and car tyre design are likely to reduce the rate of rubber consumption per car owner. 

Once the bids are tabulated for specification compliance in the form of a chart for easy review by all others involved in the project, an overall evaluation should be made, factoring in energy cost, first cost, and time value of money using an established economic equation. Most companies have a standardized formula. If the data are available, total cost of ownership can be estimated, which for larger equipment is considered a good measure for evaluation. 

A useful example of sustainable design comes from BASF, and their development of the eco-efficiency tool. This tool seeks to integrate the combined aspects of each of the three pillars in an attempt to quantify the most sustainable products and illustrates some of the concerns associated with evaluating sustainable products. For example, the economic analysis includes a total cost of ownership that goes beyond the purchase price of a product to incorporate the cost of operation, the cost of environmental health and safety, and the cost of labour. Thus, even though a product may have a lower purchase price, it may be more expensive to use and thus costlier over the total life cycle of the product. 

It is also interesting to look into the future use of sensors in household appliances. An attempt to do this is made in Chapter 6 where the influence factors in this broad field are analyzed. These include socio-economic data of the end users (like age of the population) and their preferences (like savings of energy, water and detergents), ease of use and cost of ownership, as described in Chapter 6.1. One specific and interesting future development can be foreseen - the integration of home appliances into heretofore strictly separated areas, such as... 

Tenancy (rather than ownership) has been found to be negatively related to the adoption of sustainable practices. However, economic pressures may override incentives for conservation associated with land ownership. Membership in different types of farm organizations may be representative of, or may influence, farmers perceptions of acceptable farming practices and knowledge of sustainable practices (Nazarko et al. 2003)... 

See also Economic aspects Cost indexes, 9 526-527 Cost of acquisition (COA), 15 471 Cost of haulage, of limestone, 15 37 Cost of ownership (COO), 15 471 Cost ratio construction cost estimation, 19 464-465... 

The old scrubber technique is in fact very attractive for post-CMP cleaning as the same mechanical effect is active for all the materials present at the surface (insulators, metal barriers). Doubled-sided scrubbers for cleaning the frontside and the backside of the wafer and lateral brushes to take care of the wafer side are now proposed on the market. Furthermore, the implementation of megasonic sprays in the scrubber can sometimes help for difficult cases. The major limitation is in terms of cost of ownership (COO) as a single-wafer process is involved. Indeed according to Witt et al. [17] who used the standard SEMATECH COO model, brush cleaning is more than three times more expensive than wet cleaning, which was confirmed by other economic studies [18]. 

Boardman, Anthony, Ruth Freedman, and Catherine Eckel. 1986. The Price of Government Ownership A Study of the Domtar Takeover. Journal of Public Economics 31(3) 269-286. 

Boardman, Anthony E., and Aidan R. Vining. 1989. Ownership and Performance in Competitive Environments A Comparison of the Performance of Private, Mixed, and State-Owned Enterprises. Journal of Law and Economics 32(l) l-33. 

Shleifer, Andrei. 1998. State versus Private Ownership. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(4) 133-150. 

Glaeser, Edwin L., and Spencer Glendon. Who Owns Guns Criminals, Victims, and the Culmre of Violence. American Economic Review, vol. 88, May 1998, pp. 458ff. Analyzes the distribution of gun ownership and suggests that guns are concentrated in groups whose values and experiences... 

In the following table all described cases are summarised. It is clearly shown that in most cases the user is responsible for the application plant and only in the case of Safechem/Pero the supplier cooperation owns, manages and accommodates the plant. The substance is often owned by the supplier, only in 2 cases the ownership changes from supplier to user. The recycling or disposal equipment is managed and owned by the supplier in each of the analysed business cases. Finally, there is clear evidence of economic and environmental benefits gained in all cases where users and suppliers are satisfied with the proposed Chemical Leasing model (Fig. 11). 

In classical republicanism only a small proportion of the population were considered to have the independence required to be citizens. The economic independence that went with the ownership of land was often a key criterion. Ownership of a certain amount of land is now untenable as a criterion for citizenship rather, we give political rights and responsibilities to those who have the capacity to be independent in the sense of being independent practical reasoners (so children are excluded). However, it is not enough merely that citizens have the capacity to be independent practical reasoners, they have to be independent practical reasoners. This is not something for which there can be an objective test, and any attempt to carry out such a test would be contrary to the need to show respect for fellow citizens.11... 

The ownership of genetic resources was never a part of the discussion with respect to patents since it was made clear that neither a plant nor an animal, nor the knowledge associated with their use (if previously documented) could be patented. Thus, if one discovers a new species of plant from a tropical forest in Papua New Guinea, it cannot be patented. Similarly, it also became clear that (in most cases) global knowledge in the public domain regarding the use of a plant for medicinal or commercial use could not be patented. Thus, the use of Papaver somniferum as a treatment for pain could not be protected under patent law. However, the development of a new procedure for the isolation of morphine from P. somniferum would be patentable. This distinction made it clear that creativity would be required for there to be economic benefit from a widely available natural source. 

Technical and economic analyses indicated that since tree production was only about one-half the projected yield, the application of fertilizer was required at an added cost of about 7.2 million/year. The Brazilian government and a consortium of Brazilian companies finally took over ownership and ojjeration of the integrated system (Hoge, 1982). It was concluded that the outlook for the... 

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