Pipeline length

At the beginning of 1992, the largest Hquids pipelines in the United States, based on pipeline length, were Amoco Pipeline Co., 19,096 km Mobil Pipe Line Co., 15,026 km Exxon Pipeline Co., 14,983 km and Conoco Pipe Line Co., 12,980 km. Distances do not include 1316 km of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline with multiple ownership. In both 1991 and 1992, the product pipeline company with the most product deHveries was Colonial Pipeline with 104,990,000 m, more than double the amount deHvered by Santa Ee Pacific Pipelines, Inc. The top pipeline in terms of cmde oil deHveries was the Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., operator of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, with movement of 105,735,000 m (3). 

The value of C3 is 0.011454 in USCS units and 20.178 x 10 in SI units. The inputs for the calculation are Q (bbl/hr or mVhr) and pipeline length (miles or km), viscosity U (Centistokes), pipe diameter D (inches or meters), effective pipe roughness e, and pipeline lengths (miles or km). The Fanning friction factor is... 

The pipeline — length, diameter, inclination to the horizontal, necessity for... 

In the formulation of Bickel et al. (B7) which appears to be the most general formulation on this problem to date, both the feed and delivery conditions (temperature, pressure, flow rate, and composition) are specified. As before, the decision variables include the pipe diameters. But in addition, the number, placement, suction, and delivery pressures of compressors may also be varied within the constraints of overall pipeline lengths and network... 

This study aims to calculate the critical loads of acidity, eutrophication and heavy metal (Pb, Cd) compounds in the vast area of Eurasia along the natural gas pipeline Yamal-West and quantitatively estimate the environmental risk at the surrounding ecosystems. The relevant research was conducted during 1994-2000 for total pipeline length (>3,000 km) including 21 gas pumping stations, from the northernmost part at the Yamal peninsula (north of West Siberia) up to the central western part of European Russia. 

A small diameter pipe 32 m long runs from the fermentation room of a winery to the bottle filling cellar. Sometimes red wine is pumped through the pipe, sometimes white, and whenever the switch is made from one to the other a small amount of house blend rose is produced (8 bottles). Because of some construction in the winery the pipeline length will have to be increased to 50 m. For the same flow rate of wine, how many bottles of rose may we now expect to get each time we switch the flow ... 

Operating pressure, suction/disch arge at compressor stations, atm Throughpu t, billion cubic meters p.a. at 80% utilization Pipeline diameter, inch Wellhead cost of gas, US /1,000 cubic meters ACTI, US /1,000 cubic meters Delivered cost of gas, US /1,000 cubic meters Maximum feasible pipeline length, km... 

Pipeline length, km Throughput, billion cubic meters p.a. (32 inch high pressure line) Wellhead cost of gas, /l,000 m3 Target rate of return (project discount rate for NPV calculations) Minimum acceptable transportation tariff to secure required NPV and loan coverage ratios, /l,000 m3 Minimum price of delivered gas to secure required NPV and loan coverage ratios, S/l, 000 m3... 

Using IT lb/h, for fluid flow allows usage of this same equation for gas or liquid the density term p also applies to either. The velocity variable and density transport property factor must stay reasonably near a constant value for the Darcy equation to be valid. For a liquid fluid, p and v remain nearly constant. Thus, most any pipeline length may be calculated using a single application of Eq. (6.6). 

Pipeline costs are approximately 2000 to 3000 per diameter mm per kilometer in length ( 80,000 to 125,000 per diameter inch per mile). Shorter pipeline lengths tend to be on the higher end and longer lines on the lower end (Louie, 2009). 

Surfactant Cost. A major cost associated with using oil-in-water emulsions is the cost of the surfactants used to stabilize the oil droplets within the emulsion. This cost will depend upon the surfactant formulation chosen for the specific application, the transportation distance involved, and in some cases the type of crude oil being emulsified. On the basis of the formulation that we typically use and current market prices, the estimated surfactant cost to transport heavy crude oil as an emulsion for a distance of 200 to 400 miles (322 to 644 km) is approximately 0.50 to 1.00 per barrel of crude oil shipped. For greater pipeline lengths, up to 1500 to 2000 miles, the surfactant cost may increase by 50-100% relative to the shorter dis-... 

Imagine that the near-wall space with cross section Dl is filled by small spherical obstructions that form a penetrable roughness along the whole pipeline length, D c D, Figure 3.6. The same equation can be derived with regard for an additional force proportional to the local velocity that exists within the roughness ... 

How many compressors will be needed along the pipeline is a function of several variables, including output pressure of the production option, the desired delivery pressure, maximum allowed pipe pressure, and pipeline length. Whether compressors are required in both the large and small pipelines depends on the delivery distance and pressure. 

Let us now examine the dependence of the CE of a vertical separator equipped with centrifugal branch pipes (multicyclones) on various parameters. The dependence on thermobaric conditions (pressure and temperatures), geometrical parameters (diameter of supply pipeline, length of branch pipes), and also on the gas flow rate presents the greatest interest to us. 

On having a rupture, pressure will drop inside the pipeline and there will be a liquid outflow due to the expansion of compressed liquid (Ministry of VROM 1986a). This so-called line-pack is calculated assuming a pipeline length of 50 km. The line-pack is calculated using Equation (2). 

The liquid flow out of a sloped pipeline is based on a sloped pipeline with a length of 1 km and a difference in height of 10 meters (Ministry ofVROM 1986b). The ontflow volume <1> due to inclination of the pipeline is equal to the contents of this pipeline length, and can be given with the Equation (3). 

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