Product pipeline

In oil and gas industry of C.l.S. a lot of pipelines are in operation, including 206 thousand km of main gas pipelines, 65 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 6 thousand km of product pipelines and more than 300 thousand km of field pipelines of different applications. Two thirds of pipelines are more than 15 years old. 

Crude Oil and Products Pipelines. The tme pioneering in long-range modem oil pipelines was the constmction of two pipelines to move cmde oil from Texas to New Jersey and Peimsylvania during World War II. These were named the Big Inch (2156-km, 600-mm dia) and the Litde Big Inch (2373-km, 500-mm dia) pipelines. 

At the beginning of 1992, the largest Hquids pipelines in the United States, based on pipeline length, were Amoco Pipeline Co., 19,096 km Mobil Pipe Line Co., 15,026 km Exxon Pipeline Co., 14,983 km and Conoco Pipe Line Co., 12,980 km. Distances do not include 1316 km of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline with multiple ownership. In both 1991 and 1992, the product pipeline company with the most product deHveries was Colonial Pipeline with 104,990,000 m, more than double the amount deHvered by Santa Ee Pacific Pipelines, Inc. The top pipeline in terms of cmde oil deHveries was the Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., operator of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, with movement of 105,735,000 m (3). 

Map of Major Natural Gas Pipelines, U.S. Dept, of Energy, for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Cmde oil and products pipeline maps also available. 

Asbestos fibers have also been widely used for the fabrication of papers and felts for flooring and roofing products, pipeline wrapping, electrical insulation, etc. Asbestos textiles, comprising yam, thread, cloth, tape, or tope, also found wide apphcation in thermal and electrical insulation, friction products in brake or clutch pads, etc. In recent years, some of these appHcations have decreased to various extents, although others remain fairly active, typically in friction materials. 

These considerations are always relevant to water pipelines, which must have a very long service life. With natural gas, oil, and product pipelines, shorter periods are usually assumed for depreciation. Disregarding the fact that in this case cathodic protection is compulsory for safety reasons and protection of the environment, the costs of repairs resulting from wall perforation after a long service life can exceed the costs of cathodic protection. 

Antirust properties of cargoes in petroleum product pipelines... 

The history of corrosion inhibitors and neutralizers and their invention, development, and application in the petroleum industry is documented by a review of Fisher [605]. Early corrosion inhibitor applications in each of the various segments of the industry, including oil wells, natural gas plants, refineries, and product pipelines, are reviewed. 

Incyte. Incyte s Product Pipeline at Incyte Pharmaceuticals/Pflzer. Available at http //www.incyte.eom/drugs product pipeline.html chemokine. 

E-3A Accepted Practices for Permanently Installed Sanitary Product Pipeline and Cleaning Systems, Serial E-60500, U.S. Public Health Service, Washington, DC. 

In keeping with the cardinal principal of safety in the explosives industry, cleaning product pipelines by the pig method exposes personnel to the least amount of hazardous material for the shortest period of time and reduces potentially hazardous disassembly operations to the minimum. 

A major feature of HTP protein production pipelines is the inclusion of a screening step at a relatively small scale to identify constructs suitable in terms of soluble protein yield for scale-up and subsequent protein purification. Given the relatively high cost of the latter steps in terms of time and resources, particularly if eukaryotic expression is required, the screening stage is seen as crucial to the overall process. In this section the approaches to the evaluation of expression at small scale will be reviewed. 

New product pipelines of major potential and existing customers Competitor intelligence... 

Although no ASTM ferrous metal corrosion specification exists now for gasoline, diesel fuel, and other fuels, many refiners and marketers have adopted the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) Corrosion Standard Method TM-01-72-93 as a specification. This method has also been utilized by most product pipeline companies and is an established requirement. The NACE corrosion method is summarized as follows ... 

The NACE corrosion scale is a visual rating of surface rusting from 0% to 100%. Most refiners, product pipeline companies, and marketers of fuel require an NACE surface rust rating of 5% or less. The NACE corrosion rating scale is outlined in TABLE 7-1. 

This ASTM method can be used to quickly determine the visual clarity of distillate fuel. A similar method, the Colonial Pipeline Haze Rating, has been used for many years by the finished product pipeline and fuel distribution industry to rate fuel clarity. A clarity rating of 2 or better when compared to the standard haze rating photo is considered a passing value throughout the fuel industry. 

Diesel-water emulsions are not approved for shipment by finished product pipeline companies. Consequently, the emulsion must be made on-site or near the point of sale. Other issues currently being resolved deal with improving the cold-temperature handling properties of the high-water-content fuel and improving the long-term storage stability of fuel blends... 

NACE International. 1993. Standard test method Determining the corrosive properties of cargoes in petroleum product pipelines. In Book of Standards.NACE Standard TM0172-93. Houston. 

The Sulphur Innovations Ltd. material, Sulfurcrete, has been sold commercially as pre-cast products (pipeline weights, median barriers, parking curbs, etc.) and poured in place as road patches, floor slabs, retaining walls, etc. (20). 

The crude oil delivery system starts with relatively small-diameter gathering lines from individual producing wells to a main-line pump station, from where it is pumped through a larger transmission trunkline to a refinery or other destination. At the refinery, the cmde oil is separated into gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, etc, and the refined products are transported by products pipelines to markets, storage, shipping terminals, etc. In modem lines, all inputs and outputs are metered, monitored, and remotely controlled by supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) computer systems. 

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